Table 1.

Summary of Studies Examining Alcohol Policies and Intimate Partner Violence Outcomes.

Study	Policy Area	Location	IPV Outcome	Results
Cunradi et al. (2011)	Alcohol Outlet Density	Sacramento, California	IPV-related police calls and crime reports	Each additional off-premise outlet was associated with a 4% increase in IPV-related police calls and 3% increase in IPV-related crime reports. Bar and restaurant density was not associated with IPV outcomes.
Iritani et al.(2013)	Alcohol Outlet Density	Population- based national U.S. survey	Self-reported IPV perpetration among young heterosexual females	Higher off-premise alcohol outlet density was found to be associated with self-reported perpetration of physical only IPV.
Livingston(2010)	Alcohol Outlet Density	Melbourne, Australia	Police-reported domestic violence	General license outlet density (pubs, taverns; alcohol is sold for both off-premise and on-premise consumption) was associated with increased IPV rates. Bar/restaurant density and packaged liquor outlet density were not associated with IPV rates.
Livingston (2011a)	Alcohol Outlet Density	Melbourne, Australia	Police-reported domestic violence	Longitudinal analysis indicated that all types of alcohol outlets (general/pubs, on-premise, and packaged liquor licenses) were associated with increased IPV rates. Largest effect was for packaged liquor licenses for off-premise consumption.
McKinney et al. (2009)	Alcohol Outlet Density	Population- based survey of U.S. couples	Self-reported IPV by U.S. couples	An increase of 10 alcohol outlets per 10,000 persons was associated with 34% increase in male-to-female partner violence. Relationship between outlet density and IPV was stronger for on-premise outlet density and for couples reporting alcohol-related problems.
Cunradi et al. (2012a)	Alcohol Outlet Density	California	IPV-related emergency department visits	Bar density was positively associated with IPV- related emergency department (ED) visits. Off-premise outlets were negatively associated with IPV ED visits. Restaurant density showed no significant association with IPV ED visits.
Gorman et al. (1998)	Alcohol Outlet Density	223 municipalities in New Jersey	Police-reported domestic violence	Alcohol outlet density failed to predict rates of domestic violence and was unrelated to any socio- demographic predictors of domestic violence.
Waller et al. (2012a)	Alcohol Outlet Density	Population- based national U.S. survey	Self-reported IPV victimization among young heterosexual females	Alcohol outlet density failed to predict IPV victimization or drinking behaviors.
Waller et al. (2012b)	Alcohol Outlet Density	Population- based national U.S. survey	Self-reported IPV victimization among young heterosexual males	Alcohol outlet density increased risk for physical IPV only.
Waller et al. (2013)	Alcohol Outlet Density	Population- based national U.S. survey	Self-reported IPV perpetration by young heterosexual males	High alcohol outlet density increased risk for perpetration of physical IPV only.
Duailibi et al. (2007)	Hours/Days of Sale	Brazil	Police-recorded assaults against women	No significant impact on assaults against women was detected after on-premise alcohol sales were restricted after 11pm. General homicide rates significantly decreased by 44% after the law was enacted.
Olsson & Wikstrom (1982)	Hours/Days of Sale	Sweden	Police-recorded domestic disturbances	Domestic disturbances decreased in all 24 counties during an experimental period evaluating the effects of closing liquor retail stores on Saturdays.
Norstrom et al. (2003)	Hours/Days of Sale	Sweden	Police-recorded domestic violence assaults	Liquor stores in an experimental area (six counties) were reopened on Saturdays, with a control area (seven counties) remaining closed. Alcohol sales significantly increased by 3.3% in the experimental areas. No differences in domestic violence rates were detected in the experimental areas after alcohol sales were allowed on Saturdays.
Markowitz (2000a)	Alcohol Price/Taxation	Population-based national survey	Self-reported IPV	Increases in the pure price of alcohol (weighted average across beer, wine, and liquor prices) was associated with decreases in severe violence aimed at wives. Alcohol price did not predict violence aimed at husbands unless individual level characteristics were controlled, which revealed a negative relationship between price and violence.
Herttua et al. (2008)	Alcohol Price/Taxation	Helsinki, Finland	Police-reported interpersonal violence	An average alcohol tax decrease of 33% resulted in increased alcohol consumption, but interpersonal violence rates did not increase. Data on domestic violence-related emergency call-outs by police decreased by approximately 7% after the policy change.
Sabia (2004)	Alcohol Price/Taxation	Population-based U.S. survey of pregnant women	Self-reported domestic violence	No significant association was found between state liquor taxes and domestic violence.
Zeoli & Webster (2010)	Alcohol Price/Taxation	46 large U.S. cities	Intimate partner homicide rates	Beer excise taxes did not significantly predict intimate partner homicide rates.
Durrance et al. (2011)	Alcohol Price/Taxation	46 U.S. states and District of Columbia	Female homicide rates and intimate partner homicide rates	No significant relationship was identified between alcohol tax policy and female homicide or intimate partner homicide rates.