Figure 4. Microbial production of (S)-stylopine by the co-expression of biosynthetic enzymes in P. pastoris.

Each graph shows the time-dependent transition of the alkaloids included in supernatant (A), yeast cells (B), and whole reaction mixture (C). (R, S)-reticuline is a reaction substrate, and the other compounds are products. The amount of each alkaloid was determined from the 280 nm Abs peak height in the LC-MS analysis. Error bars indicate the standard deviation calculated from three independent experiments.