Table 1.
Selected characteristics of the study population
| Characteristics* | Total (580) | Survived (293) | Expired (287) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 56.3 ± 21.1 | 49.4 ± 19.7 | 63.3 ± 20.2 | < 0.001 |
| ≤ 65 y | 366 (63.1) | 227 (77.5) | 139 (48.4) | |
| > 65 y | 214 (36.9) | 66 (22.5) | 148 (51.6) | < 0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 410 (70.8) | 227 (77.5) | 183 (64.0) | |
| Female | 169 (29.2) | 66 (22.5) | 103 (36.0) | <0.001 |
| Injury type | ||||
| MVC | 60 (10.3) | 47 (16.0) | 13 (4.5) | |
| Fall | 210 (36.2) | 101 (34.5) | 109 (38.0) | |
| Other blunt | 251 (43.3) | 131 (44.7) | 120 (41.8) | |
| Penetrating | 43 (7.4) | 5 (1.7) | 38 (13.2) | |
| Other | 16 (2.8) | 9 (3.1) | 7 (2.4) | < 0.001 |
| ISS | 25 (17, 26) | 21 (16, 26) | 26 (25, 29) | < 0.001 |
| Admission GCS score | 4 (3, 6) | 6 (3, 7) | 3 (3, 5) | < 0.001 |
| 3–4 | 325 (56.0) | 116 (39.6) | 209 (72.8) | |
| 5–8 | 255 (44.0) | 177 (60.4) | 78 (27.2) | <0.001 |
| Coded AIS injuries | ||||
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 355 (61.2) | 180 (61.4) | 175 (61.0) | 0.910 |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage | 151 (26.0) | 58 (19.8) | 93 (32.4) | <0.001 |
| Cerebral hematoma | 433 (74.7) | 208 (71.0) | 225 (78.4) | 0.040 |
| Cerebral contusion | 291 (50.2) | 177 (60.4) | 114 (39.7) | <0.001 |
| Cerebral edema | 291 (50.2) | 119 (40.6) | 172 (59.9) | < 0.001 |
| Skull fracture | 233 (40.2) | 120 (41.0) | 113 (39.4) | 0.698 |
| Length of ICU stay (d) | 2.7 (0.3, 9.6) | 7.6 (2.4, 13.4) | 0.9 (0.0, 3.0) | <0.001 |
| Length of hospital stay (d) | 4.2 (1.3, 11.7) | 10.3 (4.7, 17.6) | 1.4 (0.4, 3.6) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiac troponin I | ||||
| Normal (<0.06 ng/mL) | 401 (69.1) | 234 (79.9) | 167 (58.2) | |
| Elevated (≥ 0.06 ng/mL) | 179 (30.9) | 59 (20.1) | 120 (41.8) | < 0.001 |
| Surgical intervention | 181 (31.2) | 128 (43.7) | 53 (18.5) | < 0.001 |
| Preexisting cardiac diseases | 47 (8.1) | 16 (5.5) | 31 (10.8) | 0.02 |
*
Data presented as n (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range) as appropriate.