Table 1.
Mean and standard deviation (SD) of adiposity for each SNP.
| Original sample |
Genetic sample |
Estimation sample (KS3) |
Estimation sample (BP) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
| KS3 | 100 | (10.0) | 101*** | (9.6) | 103*** | (8.9) | 104*** | (8.8) |
| Systolic BP | 111 | (11.5) | 111 | (11.3) | 111 | (11.2) | 111 | (11.2) |
| Diastolic BP | 56.3 | (8.39) | 56.2 | (8.28) | 56.2 | (8.28) | 56.2 | (8.28) |
| Treatments | ||||||||
| Fat mass | 100 | (10.0) | 100 | (9.8) | 100 | (9.8) | 100 | (9.7) |
| Instruments | ||||||||
| Unweighted score | 28.9 | (3.47) | 28.9 | (3.5) | 28.9 | (3.45) | 28.9 | (3.44) |
| Weighted score | 4.02 | (0.53) | 4.02 | (0.53) | 4.02 | (0.53) | 4.02 | (0.53) |
| NRXN3 | 0.42 | (0.57) | 0.42 | (0.57) | 0.42 | (0.58) | 0.42 | (0.57) |
| BDNF | 1.59 | (0.58) | 1.59 | (0.58) | 1.59 | (0.58) | 1.60 | (0.57) |
| GNPDA2 | 0.87 | (0.70) | 0.87 | (0.70) | 0.86 | (0.69) | 0.86 | (0.69) |
| LRRN6C | 0.63 | (0.65) | 0.63 | (0.65) | 0.63 | (0.65) | 0.63 | (0.65) |
| PRKD1 | 0.09 | (0.30) | 0.09 | (0.30) | 0.09 | (0.30) | 0.10 | (0.30) |
| GPRC5B | 1.73 | (0.49) | 1.73 | (0.49) | 1.73 | (0.49) | 1.73 | (0.49) |
| CADM2 | 0.40 | (0.57) | 0.40 | (0.57) | 0.40 | (0.57) | 0.40 | (0.57) |
| SLC39A8 | 0.15 | (0.37) | 0.15 | (0.37) | 0.14 | (0.36) | 0.15 | (0.37) |
| TNNI3K | 0.85 | (0.70) | 0.85 | (0.70) | 0.85 | (0.70) | 0.85 | (0.70) |
| PTBP2 | 1.18 | (0.70) | 1.18 | (0.70) | 1.18 | (0.70) | 1.19 | (0.69) |
| FTO | 0.81 | (0.69) | 0.81 | (0.69) | 0.81 | (0.70) | 0.82 | (0.70) |
| NUDT3 | 0.39 | (0.56) | 0.39 | (0.56) | 0.39 | (0.56) | 0.39 | (0.56) |
| FLJ35779 | 1.28 | (0.67) | 1.28 | (0.67) | 1.27 | (0.67) | 1.27 | (0.67) |
| MAP2K5 | 1.57 | (0.58) | 1.57 | (0.58) | 1.57 | (0.58) | 1.57 | (0.58) |
| QPCTL | 1.62 | (0.56) | 1.62 | (0.56) | 1.62 | (0.56) | 1.62 | (0.56) |
| NEGR1 | 1.20 | (0.69) | 1.20 | (0.69) | 1.19 | (0.69) | 1.18 | (0.69) |
| TMEM18 | 1.66 | (0.53) | 1.66 | (0.53) | 1.66 | (0.53) | 1.66 | (0.53) |
| LRP1B | 0.34 | (0.53) | 0.34 | (0.53) | 0.34 | (0.53) | 0.33 | (0.53) |
| KCTD15 | 1.37 | (0.66) | 1.37 | (0.66) | 1.37 | (0.65) | 1.38 | (0.65) |
| TMEM160 | 1.39 | (0.64) | 1.39 | (0.64) | 1.38 | (0.64) | 1.39 | (0.64) |
| MTCH2 | 0.80 | (0.69) | 0.80 | (0.69) | 0.80 | (0.70) | 0.80 | (0.69) |
| MTIF3 | 0.46 | (0.59) | 0.46 | (0.59) | 0.46 | (0.59) | 0.47 | (0.59) |
| ZNF608 | 0.99 | (0.71) | 0.99 | (0.71) | 0.99 | (0.71) | 0.99 | (0.71) |
| RPL27A | 1.08 | (0.70) | 1.08 | (0.70) | 1.09 | (0.70) | 1.10 | (0.70) |
| SEC16B | 0.42 | (0.58) | 0.42 | (0.58) | 0.42 | (0.58) | 0.42 | (0.58) |
| MC4R | 0.47 | (0.60) | 0.47 | (0.60) | 0.47 | (0.60) | 0.47 | (0.60) |
| RBJ | 0.98 | (0.71) | 0.98 | (0.71) | 0.98 | (0.71) | 0.98 | (0.71) |
| FAIM2 | 0.72 | (0.68) | 0.72 | (0.68) | 0.72 | (0.68) | 0.72 | (0.67) |
| SH2B1 | 0.83 | (0.70) | 0.83 | (0.70) | 0.82 | (0.70) | 0.82 | (0.70) |
| FANCL | 0.58 | (0.65) | 0.58 | (0.65) | 0.58 | (0.64) | 0.58 | (0.65) |
| ETV5 | 1.65 | (0.54) | 1.65 | (0.54) | 1.65 | (0.53) | 1.66 | (0.53) |
| TFAP2B | 0.36 | (0.54) | 0.36 | (0.54) | 0.36 | (0.54) | 0.36 | (0.54) |
| Covariates | ||||||||
| Girl | 0.48 | (0.50) | 0.49 | (0.50) | 0.51*** | (0.50) | 0.52*** | (0.50) |
| Birth weight | 3404 | (557.2) | 3439*** | (532.1) | 3436*** | (525.7) | 3438*** | (521.6) |
| Age at KS3 (in months) | 170 | (3.73) | 170 | (3.77) | 170 | (3.68) | 170 | (3.71) |
| Ln (income) | 5.29 | (0.49) | 5.33*** | (0.48) | 5.35*** | (0.46) | 5.37*** | (0.46) |
| Mother's education | ||||||||
| O-level | 0.45 | (0.50) | 0.44 | (0.50) | 0.44 | (0.50) | 0.44* | (0.50) |
| A-level | 0.22 | (0.42) | 0.25*** | (0.43) | 0.26*** | (0.44) | 0.27*** | (0.45) |
| University degree | 0.12 | (0.33) | 0.15*** | (0.35) | 0.16*** | (0.37) | 0.17*** | (0.38) |
| Not natural father | 0.92 | (0.28) | 0.93** | (0.26) | 0.93*** | (0.25) | 0.94*** | (0.24) |
| Father's social class | *** | |||||||
| Managerial | 0.34 | (0.47) | 0.36** | (0.48) | 0.36*** | (0.48) | 0.37 | (0.48) |
| Non-manual skilled | 0.12 | (0.33) | 0.12 | (0.33) | 0.13* | (0.34) | 0.13*** | (0.34) |
| Manual skilled | 0.31 | (0.46) | 0.29*** | (0.45) | 0.29 | (0.45) | 0.28*** | (0.45) |
| Semi-skilled | 0.10 | (0.30) | 0.09* | (0.29) | 0.08*** | (0.27) | 0.08*** | (0.27) |
| Unskilled | 0.03 | (0.17) | 0.02* | (0.15) | 0.02*** | (0.14) | 0.02*** | (0.14) |
| Mum works part-time | 0.36 | (0.48) | 0.38* | (0.48) | 0.38*** | (0.49) | 0.39*** | (0.49) |
| Mum works full-time | 0.10 | (0.30) | 0.11 | (0.31) | 0.11** | (0.32) | 0.11** | (0.32) |
| Partner employed | 0.88 | (0.33) | 0.89*** | (0.31) | 0.89 | (0.32) | 0.89 | (0.32) |
| IMD | 20.8 | (14.9) | 19.7*** | (14.4) | 18.7*** | (13.7) | 18.6*** | (13.6) |
| Alcohol in pregnancy | 0.55 | (0.50) | 0.56 | (0.50) | 0.57** | (0.49) | 0.58*** | (0.49) |
| Smoke in pregnancy | 0.24 | (0.43) | 0.21*** | (0.41) | 0.17*** | (0.38) | 0.16*** | (0.37) |
| Breastfeed <1 month | 0.16 | (0.37) | 0.16 | (0.36) | 0.16 | (0.37) | 0.15 | (0.36) |
| Breastfeed 1–3 months | 0.16 | (0.36) | 0.16 | (0.36) | 0.16 | (0.37) | 0.16 | (0.37) |
| Breastfeed 4 + months | 0.42 | (0.49) | 0.47*** | (0.50) | 0.50*** | (0.50) | 0.51*** | (0.50) |
| Mother's age: 20–24 | 0.18 | (0.39) | 0.16*** | (0.37) | 0.13*** | (0.34) | 0.13*** | (0.33) |
| Mother's age: 25–29 | 0.40 | (0.49) | 0.39 | (0.49) | 0.40 | (0.49) | 0.40 | (0.49) |
| Mother's age:30–34 | 0.28 | (0.45) | 0.31*** | (0.46) | 0.33*** | (0.47) | 0.34*** | (0.47) |
| Mother's age: 35+ | 0.10 | (0.30) | 0.11** | (0.31) | 0.12*** | (0.33) | 0.12*** | (0.33) |
| EPDS score | 6.88 | (4.83) | 6.68*** | (4.69) | 6.45*** | (4.56) | 6.34*** | (4.51) |
| CCEI score | 13.2 | (7.78) | 12.8*** | (7.51) | 12.6*** | (7.31) | 12.4*** | (7.22) |
| Sample size | 11,978 | 7335 | 4844 | 4047 | ||||
Notes: Family income is an average of two observations (when the child is aged 3 and 4) and is in 1995 prices. It is adjusted for family size and composition (equalized) using the OECD equivalence scale to allow for a comparison of incomes for all households. The social class variables use the standard UK classification of social class based on occupation (professional, managerial/technical, non-manual skilled, manual skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled). IMD refers to the Index of Multiple Deprivation, and provides a relative measure of deprivation at small area level. EPDS and CCEI refer to the mother's Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score and the Crown-Crisp Experimental Index. EPDS indicates to what extent the mother is at risk of perinatal depression; CCEI captures a broader definition of mental health, measuring general anxiety, depression and somaticism. Higher scores mean the mother is more affected. The descriptive statistics for the full sample, Column (1), are based on a maximum of 11,978 observations if the variable reported in the column has no missing values on any observations.
p < 0.10,
p < 0.05,
p < 0.01 refers to a test whether the mean is significantly different from the mean in the original sample shown in Column 1.