Table 8.

IV robustness analyses: controlling for covariates.

	(1) KS3		(2) Systolic blood pressure		(3) Diastolic blood pressure
	Coeff	p-Value	Coeff	p-Value	Coeff	p-Value
Panel A: Covariates: gender
Fat mass coefficient and p-value	0.111	0.319	0.379	0.006	0.206	0.042
95% confidence interval	[−0.11, 0.33]		[0.11, 0.65]		[0.01, 0.40]
First stage F-statistic	77.18		69.51		69.51
p-value, Hausman test	0.044		0.288		0.371
Panel B: Covariates: gender, maternal education, social class at birth, IMD
Fat mass coefficient and p-value	0.092	0.342	0.379	0.007	0.206	0.046
95% confidence interval	[−0.10, 0.28]		[0.10, 0.66]		[0.00, 0.41]
First stage F-statistic	79.61		68.61		68.61
p-value, Hausman test	0.122		0.288		0.363
Panel C: Covariates: all1
Fat mass coefficient and p-value	0.090	0.322	0.374	0.008	0.201	0.052
95% confidence interval	[−0.09, 0.27]		[0.10, 0.65]		[−0.00, 0.40]
First stage F-statistic	81.56		69.35		69.35
p-value, Hausman test	0.156		0.284		0.382
N	4844		4047		4047

Notes: See notes to Table 3. All analyses control for ancestry-informative principal components.

¹All covariates includes: child birth weight, age at KS3 (in months), ln(income), mother's educational attainment, a binary indicator whether the child was raised by the natural father, social class at birth, dummy variables indicating whether the mother works part-time or full-time, and whether the partner is employed, the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD, measured at birth), binary variables indicating whether the mother drank alcohol during pregnancy, and whether the mother smoked during pregnancy, the duration of breastfeeding, and mother's age at birth. The definition of the covariates is given in the note to Table B1, Appendix B.