Table 4.
Significant predictors of infant biomarker concentrations
| Hair As | Hair Mn | Toenail As | Toenail Mn | Cord As | Cord Mn | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (SE) | p-value | β (SE) | p-value | β (SE) | p-value | β (SE) | p-value | β (SE) | p-value | β (SE) | p-value | |
| Infant Characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Male | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| Female | −0.10 (0.09) | 0.30 | −0.20 (0.09) | 0.03 | −0.06 (0.16) | 0.72 | 0.05 (0.22) | 0.83 | −0.04 (0.07) | 0.63 | −0.06 (0.06) | 0.39 |
| Birth Gestational Age in weeks, mean (sd) | −0.04 (0.03) | 0.15 | 0.08 (0.02) | 0.003 | −0.02 (0.05) | 0.70 | 0.003 (0.06) | 0.96 | −0.12 (0.02) | <0.0001 | −0.04 (0.02) | 0.02 |
| Birth weight in kg, mean (sd) | 0.007 (0.11) | 0.95 | −0.20 (0.20) | 0.32 | −0.64 (0.26) | 0.01 | −0.02 (0.09) | 0.84 | −0.10 (0.08) | 0.24 | ||
| Maternal Characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Age at enrollment, mean (sd) | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.05 | −0.0004 (0.01) | 0.97 | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.57 | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.04 | 0.004 (0.009) | 0.68 | 0.0003 (0.008) | 0.97 |
| BMI at enrollment, mean (sd) | −0.02 (0.14) | 0.14 | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.25 | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.32 | 0.006 (0.03) | 0.85 | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.16 | −0.008 (0.01) | 0.46 |
| Parity, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| 0 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| 1 | 0.13 (0.11) | 0.23 | 0.18 (0.11) | 0.12 | 0.16 (0.20) | 0.41 | 0.31 (0.26) | 0.24 | 0.17 (0.09) | 0.06 | 0.05 (0.08) | 0.50 |
| ≥2 | −0.008 (0.11) | 0.94 | 0.13 (0.11) | 0.25 | 0.39 (0.19) | 0.04 | 0.72 (0.25) | 0.004 | 0.34 (0.09) | 0.0002 | 0.19 (0.08) | 0.01 |
| Education, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| ≤ primary education | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| > primary education | 0.006 | 0.95 | −0.0003 (0.09) | 1.00 | −0.37 (0.16) | 0.02 | −0.44 (0.21) | 0.04 | −0.01 (0.07) | 0.87 | −0.02 (0.07) | 0.74 |
| Monthly Income level, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| 0-3000 Thaka | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| 3001-5000 Thaka | −0.009 (0.11) | 0.93 | 0.06 (0.11) | 0.60 | −0.12 (0.19) | 0.53 | −0.48 (0.25) | 0.05 | −0.10 (0.09) | 0.27 | −0.19 (0.08) | 0.02 |
| >5001 Thaka | −0.27 (0.14) | 0.05 | −0.07 (0.14) | 0.59 | −0.42 (0.23) | 0.08 | −0.86 (0.31) | 0.006 | −0.44 (0.11) | <0.0001 | −0.38 (0.10) | 0.0002 |
| Household ETS exposure, n(%) | ||||||||||||
| No | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| Yes | −0.02 | 0.83 | −0.10 (0.09) | 0.28 | −0.26 (0.16) | 0.11 | 0.10 (0.22) | 0.66 | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.87 | −0.03 (0.07) | 0.68 |
| Chew betel nuts, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| No | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| Yes | 0.22 (0.42) | 0.60 | 0.09 (0.43) | 0.83 | 0.73 (0.65) | 0.26 | 1.49 (0.86) | 0.08 | −0.43 (0.34) | 0.20 | −0.48 (0.30) | 0.11 |
| Chew tobacco leaves, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| No | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| Yes | 0.31 (0.33) | 0.34 | 0.44 (0.33) | 0.19 | 0.10 (1.3) | 0.94 | 0.32 (1.72) | 0.85 | −0.12 (0.26) | 0.64 | −0.33 (0.23) | 0.16 |
| Clinic, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Sirajdikhan | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||||
| Pabna | 0.55 (0.09) | <0.0001 | 0.02 (0.09) | 0.82 | 0.56 (0.16) | 0.0006 | 0.64 (0.21) | 0.003 | 1.07 (0.06) | <0.0001 | 0.49 (0.06) | <0.0001 |
Note: All biomarker concentrations are LN-transformed