TABLE 1.

Carbapenemases and selected characteristics^a

Molecular class	Representative β-lactamase	Characteristic(s)	Inhibitor(s)	Enzyme currently found in areas of endemicity	Area(s) of endemicity
A	KPC, GES, SMC	Serine β-lactamase, plasmid encoded	Boronic acid derivatives	KPC	North America, Greece, Italy, Poland, Colombia, Argentina, Israel, China
				GES-5	Brazil
B	NDM, VIM, IMP, GIM-1, SPM	Metallo-β-lactamase, zinc requiring, plasmid encoded/chromosomal	EDTA, dipicolinic acid	NDM	Indian subcontinent, Kenya, China
				VIM	Indian subcontinent, Greece, Italy, southern France, Japan, Lebanon, Brazil, Portugal, Ireland, UK, Germany, Poland
				IMP	Indian subcontinent, Greece, Japan, China
C	CMY-10	Serine β-lactamase, cephalosporinases, mobile or chromosomal, uncommon	Cloxacillin, boronic acid derivatives	AmpC	Worldwide
D	OXA-48, OXA-181, OXA-204, OXA-162, OXA-23, OXA-24	Serine β-lactamases, weak activity of those that are carbapenemases, plasmid encoded	No specific inhibitors available	OXA-48	France, Belgium, Canada, South Africa, Middle East, Turkey, northern Africa, Switzerland, Germany, Lebanon, Israel, Morocco

^aSee references 16, 17, and 22.