FIG 1.

Increased mucosa-associated bacteria and bacterial invasion in villin-TLR4 mice. The 16S rRNA gene copy number of total bacteria per milligram of respective sample was determined for the mucosa (a) and lumen (b) of the distal colons of villin-TLR4 and WT littermates. Bacterial CFU per milligram of sample were counted by averaging the total number of colonies formed after aerobic and anaerobic culture of MLNs (c) and spleen tissue (d) from villin-TLR4 and WT littermate mice. Mean values ± the standard errors of the means of six to eight mice per group are shown. *, P < 0.05 by Student's t test.