Table 4. Surgical outcomes.

	n	%
Intraoperative blood loss, mL (range)
Single level	82 (30–700)
Multilevel	162 (60–900)
Total operation time, min (range)
Single level	67 (40–125)
Multilevel	98 (60–195)
Mean length of stay, d (range)
Single level	4.6 (1–9)
Multilevel	6.2 (3–19)
Complications
Major
Postoperative retroperitoneal hematoma	2	0.9
Acute arterial thrombosis	1	0.4
Acute bowel obstruction	1	0.4
Retrograde ejaculation	4	1.8
Incisional hernia requiring revision	3	1.3
Vascular injury	15	6.6
Minor
Sympathetic dysfunction	15	6.6
Wound infection (superficial)	5	2.2
Prolonged Ileus (>72 h)	7	3.1