Table 2.
Odds Ratios and Probability of Any Remission Associated With Key Demographic and Health Status Predictors for the Overall Sample and by Intervention Groupa
| No. (%) of Sample | Year 1 Remission in Overall Sample, Odds Ratio (95% CI)
|
Unadjusted Probability of Year 1 Remission, % (95% CI)
|
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | P Value | Multivariate | P Value | Overall | DSE | ILI | ||
| Men | 1876 (41.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 7.1 (6.0–8.4) | 1.3 (0.8–2.3) | 12.9 (10.8–15.2) | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Women | 2627 (58.3) | 0.90 (0.71–1.15) | .39 | 0.96 (0.71–1.28) | .75 | 6.4 (5.5–7.5) | 2.5 (1.7–3.5) | 10.4 (8.9–12.3) |
|
| ||||||||
| Age tertile, y | ||||||||
| Low: 44 to <56 | 1383 (30.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 7.5 (6.2–9.0) | 2.0 (1.2–3.5) | 12.7 (10.4–15.4) | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Middle: 56 to <61 | 1596 (35.4) | 0.85 (0.64–1.13) | .38 | 0.94 (0.67–1.32) | .73 | 6.5 (5.3–7.8) | 1.6 (0.9–2.8) | 11.1 (9.1–13.5) |
|
| ||||||||
| High: ≥61 to 76 | 1524 (33.8) | 0.82 (0.61–1.10) | .38 | 1.03 (0.72–1.48) | .86 | 6.3 (5.1–7.6) | 2.3 (1.5–3.7) | 10.6 (8.5–13.1) |
|
| ||||||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 2808 (62.3) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 7.6 (6.6–8.6) | 2.5 (1.8–3.5) | 12.7 (11.0–14.5) | ||
|
| ||||||||
| African American | 717 (15.9) | 0.75 (0.53–1.07) | .12 | 0.97 (0.65–1.46) | .89 | 5.8 (4.3–7.9) | 1.5 (0.6–3.5) | 10.2 (7.4–13.9) |
|
| ||||||||
| American Indian | 233 (5.2) | 0.51 (0.26–1.00) | .05 | 0.83 (0.36–1.91) | .66 | 4.0 (2.1–7.5) | 1.7 (0.4–6.4) | 6.6 (3.2–13.2) |
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| Asian/Pacific Islander | 132 (2.9) | 0.92 (0.46–1.81) | .81 | 1.17 (0.50–2.75) | .71 | 7.0 (3.7–12.9) | 3.2 (0.8–12.0) | 10.5 (5.1–20.3) |
|
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| Hispanic | 612 (13.6) | 0.61 (0.40–0.91) | .40 | 0.70 (0.42–1.14) | .15 | 4.7 (3.3–6.8) | NA | 9.4 (6.5–13.3) |
|
| ||||||||
| Diabetes duration tertile, y | ||||||||
| Low: 0 to <2 | 1168 (26.1) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 13.5 (11.6–15.6) | 5.1 (3.5–7.3) | 21.2 (18.0–24.7) | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Middle: 2 to <7 | 1707 (38.2) | 0.42 (0.32–0.54) | <.001 | 0.43 (0.32–0.58) | <.001 | 6.1 (5.0–7.4) | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) | 11.1 (9.1–13.4) |
|
| ||||||||
| High: ≥7 | 1597 (35.7) | 0.15 (0.10–0.22) | <.001 | 0.21 (0.14–0.33) | <.001 | 2.2 (1.6–3.1) | 0.5 (0.2–1.4) | 4.1 (2.9–5.7) |
|
| ||||||||
| Body mass index tertile | ||||||||
| Low: <32.5 | 1501 (33.3) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 7.0 (6.3–8.7) | 2.0 (1.2–3.3) | 12.4 (10.2–15.0) | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Middle: 32.5–37.7 | 1501 (33.3) | 1.02 (0.77–1.35) | .89 | 0.92 (0.66–1.28) | .62 | 7.4 (6.2–8.9) | 1.8 (1.0–3.0) | 13.2 (10.9–15.8) |
|
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| High: >37.7 | 1501 (33.3) | 0.73 (0.54–0.99) | .04 | 0.75 (0.53–1.07) | .11 | 5.4 (4.3–6.7) | 2.2 (1.4–3.6) | 8.8 (6.9–11.1) |
|
| ||||||||
| Hemoglobin A1c tertile, % | ||||||||
| Low: <6.7 | 1300 (28.9) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 10.4 (8.9–12.3) | 3.6 (2.4–5.4) | 17.1 (14.4–20.3) | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Middle: 6.7–7.6 | 1634 (38.2) | 0.70 (0.54–0.90) | <.001 | 0.76 (0.56–1.03) | .07 | 7.5 (6.3–9.0) | 2.0 (1.3–3.3) | 13.0 (10.8–15.5) |
|
| ||||||||
| High: >7.6 | 1569 (35.7) | 0.24 (0.17–0.34) | <.001 | 0.40 (0.27–0.60) | <.001 | 2.7 (2.0–3.6) | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | 4.9 (3.6–6.7) |
|
| ||||||||
| No insulin use | 2251 (80.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 8.1 (7.2–9.0) | 2.3 (1.7–3.1) | 13.8 (12.3–15.6) | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Insulin use | 864 (19.3) | 0.10 (0.05–0.21) | <.001 | 0.23 (0.11–0.51) | <.001 | 0.8 (0.4–1.8) | 0.5 (0.1–1.9) | 1.2 (0.5–2.9) |
|
| ||||||||
| No hypertension medications | 571 (25.25) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 8.3 (6.8–10.1) | 2.0 (1.1–3.6) | 15.2 (12.3–18.6) | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Hypertension medications | 3398 (75.5) | 0.73 (0.56–0.94) | .02 | 0.77 (0.57–1.06) | .11 | 6.2 (5.4–7.1) | 2.0 (1.4–2.8) | 10.3 (8.9–11.9) |
|
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| No cardiovascular disease history | 1949 (86.2) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 7.1 (6.3–8.0) | 2.2 (1.6–3.0) | 12.1 (10.7–13.6) | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Cardiovascular disease history | 639 (14.2) | 0.60 (0.40–0.90) | .01 | 0.91 (0.57–1.46) | .69 | 4.4 (3.0–6.3) | 0.7 (0.2–2.6) | 7.9 (5.4–11.4) |
|
| ||||||||
| 1-y Weight loss tertile, % | ||||||||
| Low: <1 (including weight gain) | 1464 (33.3) | 0.08 (0.05–0.12) | <.001 | 0.15 (0.08–0.27) | <.001 | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) | 2.7 (1.2–5.9) |
|
| ||||||||
| Middle: 1 to 6.5 | 1465 (33.4) | 0.21 (0.16–0.29) | <.001 | 0.37 (0.26–0.53) | <.001 | 3.7 (2.8–4.8) | 2.1 (1.3–3.4) | 5.4 (3.9–7.3) |
|
| ||||||||
| High: >6.5 | 1464 (33.3) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 15.2 (13.4–17.2) | 7.1 (4.9–11.1) | 16.4 (14.5–18.6) | ||
|
| ||||||||
| 1-y Fitness change tertile, % | ||||||||
| Low: <−2.3 | 925 (24.4) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 3.1 (2.1–4.4) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 7.1 (4.7–10.6) | ||
|
| ||||||||
| Middle: 2.3 to <17.9 | 1593 (42.0) | 1.83 (0.77–1.96) | <.001 | 1.23 (0.77–1.96) | .39 | 5.5 (4.5–6.7) | 2.0 (1.3–3.3) | 9.4 (7.5–11.7) |
|
| ||||||||
| High: ≥17.9 | 1274 (33.6) | 4.31 (1.14–2.86) | <.001 | 1.80 (1.14–2.86) | .01 | 12.0 (10.3–13.9) | 3.7 (2.2–6.2) | 15.6 (13.3–18.1) |
Abbreviations: DSE, diabetes support and education; ILI, intensive lifestyle intervention; NA, data not available (no cases).
a
Category thresholds for diabetes duration, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), hemoglobin A1c, weight change, and fitness change are based on tertiles of the overall sample. Multivariable analyses adjust for intervention group and all variables in the table. Available case analysis is based on sample sizes expressed in second column.