Table 2. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of maternal and fetal risk factors for the delivery of a low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), and preterm birth infant. The ORs and CIs were determined using logistic multivariable regression analysis.
| Variables | LBW infants (n) |
Non- LBW infants (n) |
LBW | SGA infants (n) |
Non- SGA infants (n) |
SGA | Preterm infants (n) |
Non- preterm infants (n) |
Preterm birth | ||||||||||
| Crude | Adjusted*† | Crude | Adjusted*‡ | Crude | Adjusted*§ | ||||||||||||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||||||
| Sex of infant | |||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 41 | 535 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | 41 | 535 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | 26 | 550 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | |
| Female | 40 | 484 | 1.1 | 0.7-1.7 | 1.3 | 0.8-2.3 | 44 | 480 | 1.2 | 0.8-1.9 | 1.2 | 0.7-1.8 | 14 | 510 | 0.6 | 0.3-1.1 | 0.4 | 0.2-0.8 | |
| Birth order of the infant | |||||||||||||||||||
| Second or more | 46 | 587 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | 57 | 576 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | 25 | 608 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | |
| First | 35 | 432 | 1.0 | 0.7-1.6 | 1.3 | 0.7-1.3 | 28 | 439 | 0.6 | 0.4-1.0 | 0.6 | 0.4-1.1 | 15 | 452 | 0.8 | 0.4-1.5 | 0.8 | 0.4-1.9 | |
| Gestational age at delivery (in weeks) | 0.4 | 0.3-0.4 | |||||||||||||||||
| Maternal age (in years) | 1.0 | 0.9-1.04 | 1.0 | 0.97-1.1 | 1.1 | 1.02-1.2 | |||||||||||||
| Maternal body mass index before pregnancy (in kg/m2) | 1.0 | 0.9-1.1 | 0.9 | 0.9-1.03 | 1.1 | 0.98-1.2 | |||||||||||||
| Maternal smoking during early pregnancy | |||||||||||||||||||
| Absent | 72 | 956 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | 76 | 952 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | 39 | 989 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | |
| Present | 9 | 63 | 1.9 | 0.9-4.0 | 2.9 | 1.2-6.9 | 9 | 63 | 1.8 | 0.9-3.7 | 2.3 | 1.1-5.1 | 1 | 71 | 0.4 | 0.05-2.7 | 0.3 | 0.04-2.3 | |
| Maternal alcohol consumption during early pregnancy | |||||||||||||||||||
| Absent | 73 | 912 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | 76 | 909 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | 36 | 949 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | |
| Present | 7 | 97 | 0.9 | 0.4-2.0 | 1.1 | 0.4-2.8 | 8 | 96 | 1.0 | 0.5-2.1 | 0.9 | 0.4-2.0 | 4 | 100 | 1.1 | 0.4-3.0 | 0.6 | 0.1-2.5 | |
| Maternal breakfast consumption | |||||||||||||||||||
| “I don’t skip breakfast” | 62 | 769 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | 69 | 762 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | 30 | 801 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | |
| “I occasionally skip breakfast” | 19 | 250 | 0.9 | 0.6-1.6 | 0.7 | 0.4-1.4 | 16 | 253 | 0.7 | 0.4-1.2 | 0.8 | 0.4-1.4 | 10 | 259 | 1.0 | 0.5-2.1 | 1.5 | 0.6-3.4 | |
| Maternal occupational status | |||||||||||||||||||
| None | 43 | 543 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | 47 | 539 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | 21 | 565 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | |
| Working | 38 | 476 | 1.0 | 0.6-1.6 | 1.2 | 0.7-2.1 | 38 | 476 | 1.0 | 0.6-1.6 | 1.1 | 0.7-1.7 | 19 | 495 | 1.0 | 0.5-1.9 | 1.3 | 0.6-2.6 | |
| Maternal attitude toward pregnancy when pregnancy was confirmed | |||||||||||||||||||
| Positive attitude | 71 | 914 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | 75 | 910 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | 35 | 950 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | |
| Negative attitude | 10 | 105 | 0.9 | 0.4-2.1 | 0.9 | 0.4-2.1 | 10 | 105 | 1.2 | 0.6-2.3 | 1.0 | 0.5-2.0 | 5 | 110 | 1.2 | 0.5-3.2 | 1.5 | 0.5-4.0 | |
| Time of registration of pregnancy | |||||||||||||||||||
| Early (<12 gestational weeks) | 53 | 724 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | 60 | 717 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | 25 | 752 | 1.0 | (reference) | 1.0 | (reference) | |
| Late (≥12 gestational weeks) | 28 | 295 | 1.3 | 0.8-2.1 | 1.2 | 0.7-2.1 | 25 | 298 | 1.0 | 0.6-1.6 | 1.0 | 0.6-1.7 | 15 | 308 | 1.5 | 0.8-2.8 | 1.7 | 0.8-3.4 | |
* : Adjusted for all presented variables
† : LBW (74) and non-LBW (957) infants for whom responses to all questionnaires in this model were available were analyzed.
‡ : SGA (81) and non-SGA (950) infants for whom responses to all questionnaires in this model were available were analyzed.
§ : Preterm (35) and full-term (996) infants for whom responses to all questionnaires in this model were available were analyzed.