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| Item | Ex-smokers | Smokers | Never-smokers |
| Crude | 6.18* (0.02) | 5.98 (0.01) | 6.10 (0.02) |
| Adjusted for age | 6.21* (0.02) | 5.97 (0.01) | 6.11 (0.02) |
| Adjusted for age and BMI | 6.18* (0.02) | 5.99 (0.01) | 6.08 (0.02) |
| Adjusted for age, BMI, and alcohol consumption | 5.92* (0.03) | 5.74 (0.02) | 5.87 (0.03) |
Mean (standard error)
* : P < 0.001 (compared to smokers)
BMI : body mass index
