Table 2. Disease-specific, age-adjusted hazard ratio according to smoking status for males.
| Cause of death | Age-adjusted hazard ratio (vs. never-smokers) (95% confidence interval)† |
||
| Current smokers | Former smokers | Ever-smokers | |
| All-cause | 1.63 (1.56-1.70) | 1.27 (1.21-1.33) | 1.49 (1.43-1.55) |
| Total tobacco-related diseases | 1.85 (1.74-1.97) | 1.40 (1.30-1.50) | 1.67 (1.57-1.78) |
| All cancers | 1.97 (1.83-2.13) | 1.50 (1.38-1.63) | 1.79 (1.67-1.93) |
| Total tobacco-related cancers | 2.32 (2.12-2.54) | 1.64 (1.49-1.82) | 2.06 (1.89-2.26) |
| Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx* | 2.66 (1.48-4.77) | 1.89 (1.00-3.58) | 2.37 (1.34-4.20) |
| Esophagus* | 3.39 (2.25-5.09) | 2.22 (1.43-3.46) | 2.96 (1.98-4.42) |
| Stomach* | 1.51 (1.29-1.77) | 1.28 (1.08-1.52) | 1.42 (1.22-1.66) |
| Liver* | 1.81 (1.49-2.20) | 1.63 (1.32-2.01) | 1.74 (1.44-2.11) |
| Pancreas* | 1.58 (1.18-2.11) | 1.19 (0.86-1.65) | 1.43 (1.08-1.90) |
| Larynx* | 5.47 (1.29-23.11) | 3.03 (0.65-14.01) | 4.50 (1.08-18.72) |
| Lung* | 4.79 (3.88-5.92) | 2.41 (1.91-3.03) | 3.85 (3.12-4.74) |
| Kidney, except renal pelvis* | 1.57 (0.81-3.06) | 1.46 (0.71-3.00) | 1.53 (0.81-2.90) |
| Renal pelvis, ureter, bladder* | 5.35 (2.47-11.57) | 2.76 (1.21-6.31) | 4.30 (2.01-9.23) |
| Myeloid leukemia* | 1.45 (0.74-2.82) | 2.13 (1.07-4.25) | 1.69 (0.89-3.18) |
| All cardiovascular diseases | 1.52 (1.39-1.65) | 1.17 (1.07-1.29) | 1.38 (1.27-1.49) |
| Total tobacco-related cardiovascular diseases | 1.51 (1.36-1.68) | 1.19 (1.06-1.33) | 1.38 (1.25-1.53) |
| Ischemic heart diseases* | 2.18 (1.79-2.66) | 1.71 (1.39-2.12) | 2.00 (1.65-2.42) |
| Total stroke* | 1.25 (1.10-1.42) | 1.00 (0.87-1.14) | 1.15 (1.02-1.29) |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 2.33 (1.50-3.64) | 1.19 (0.71-2.02) | 1.94 (1.25-3.00) |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 1.24 (0.98-1.57) | 0.91 (0.69-1.19) | 1.11 (0.89-1.40) |
| Cerebral infarction | 1.23 (1.02-1.50) | 1.02 (0.82-1.26) | 1.14 (0.95-1.37) |
| Aortic aneurysm and dissection | 3.89 (2.02-7.49) | 2.71 (1.35-5.42) | 3.42 (1.80-6.51) |
| Abdominal aortic aneurysm* | 3.89 (1.38-10.99) | 1.64 (0.52-5.24) | 2.94 (1.05-8.18) |
| All respiratory diseases | 1.41 (1.22-1.62) | 1.37 (1.18-1.59) | 1.39 (1.22-1.59) |
| Total toabacco-related respiratory diseases | 1.35 (1.15-1.59) | 1.25 (1.05-1.48) | 1.30 (1.12-1.52) |
| Pneumonia* | 1.17 (0.98-1.39) | 1.09 (0.91-1.31) | 1.13 (0.96-1.33) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases* | 3.09 (1.90-5.03) | 2.76 (1.68-4.55) | 2.95 (1.84-4.72) |
| All digestive diseases | 2.04 (1.60-2.60) | 1.22 (0.92-1.62) | 1.74 (1.37-2.21) |
| Peptic ulcer* | 7.13 (1.71-29.78) | 1.96 (0.40-9.72) | 5.01 (1.21-20.77) |
*: Tobacco-related diseases selected from the Surgeon General’s Report of 2004 and IARC Monograph volume 83.
†: Cox proportional hazard model