Table 3. Disease-specific, age-adjusted hazard ratio according to smoking status for females.
Cause of death | Age-adjusted hazard ratio (vs. never-smokers) (95% confidence interval)† |
||
Current smokers | Former smokers | Ever-smokers | |
All-cause | 1.76 (1.65-1.87) | 1.68 (1.52-1.86) | 1.73 (1.64-1.83) |
Total tobacco-related diseases | 2.00 (1.83-2.19) | 1.65 (1.42-1.91) | 1.90 (1.75-2.06) |
All cancers | 1.57 (1.41-1.75) | 1.57 (1.32-1.87) | 1.57 (1.43-1.73) |
Total tobacco-related cancers | 2.01 (1.76-2.30) | 1.70 (1.35-2.14) | 1.93 (1.71-2.17) |
Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx* | 1.97 (0.69-5.65) | 1.23 (0.17-9.12) | 1.76 (0.68-4.59) |
Esophagus* | 1.90 (0.74-4.86) | 3.59 (1.27-10.16) | 2.40 (1.15-5.02) |
Stomach* | 1.22 (0.90-1.64) | 1.47 (0.95-2.27) | 1.29 (1.00-1.66) |
Liver* | 1.73 (1.21-2.48) | 1.23 (0.63-2.39) | 1.59 (1.15-2.20) |
Pancreas* | 1.81 (1.28-2.57) | 1.96 (1.16-3.30) | 1.85 (1.37-2.50) |
Larynx* | 0.00 – – | 0.00 – – | 0.00 – – |
Lung* | 3.88 (3.07-4.90) | 2.63 (1.72-4.03) | 3.55 (2.86-4.40) |
Cervix uteri* | 2.32 (1.31-4.10) | 1.00 (0.25-4.09) | 1.99 (1.16-3.41) |
Kidney, except renal pelvis* | 0.60 (0.08-4.47) | 1.55 (0.21-11.52) | 0.86 (0.20-3.69) |
Renal pelvis, ureter, bladder* | 1.86 (0.84-4.11) | 0.00 – – | 1.30 (0.59-2.88) |
Myeloid leukemia* | 0.96 (0.30-3.10) | 0.96 (0.13-7.01) | 0.96 (0.34-2.68) |
All cardiovascular diseases | 1.98 (1.78-2.21) | 1.60 (1.34-1.91) | 1.87 (1.70-2.06) |
Total tobacco-related cardiovascular diseases | 2.09 (1.83-2.39) | 1.66 (1.33-2.07) | 1.97 (1.75-2.21) |
Ischemic heart diseases* | 2.95 (2.33-3.73) | 2.48 (1.71-3.60) | 2.81 (2.28-3.46) |
Total stroke* | 1.80 (1.52-2.12) | 1.35 (1.01-1.79) | 1.66 (1.44-1.93) |
Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 2.79 (2.06-3.78) | 1.05 (0.50-2.24) | 2.33 (1.75-3.11) |
Intracerebral hemorrhage | 1.92 (1.39-2.67) | 1.69 (0.99-2.89) | 1.86 (1.39-2.48) |
Cerebral infarction | 1.48 (1.10-2.00) | 1.17 (0.72-1.91) | 1.39 (1.07-1.80) |
Aortic aneurysm and dissection | 2.35 (1.16-4.79) | 3.16 (1.25-7.95) | 2.59 (1.43-4.69) |
Abdominal aortic aneurysm* | 4.30 (1.16-15.96) | 6.51 (1.39-30.39) | 4.98 (1.66-14.94) |
All respiratory diseases | 1.65 (1.29-2.09) | 1.27 (0.85-1.89) | 1.53 (1.24-1.90) |
Total toabacco-related respiratory diseases | 1.53 (1.13-2.07) | 1.39 (0.88-2.21) | 1.49 (1.15-1.93) |
Pneumonia* | 1.39 (1.00-1.93) | 1.40 (0.87-2.26) | 1.40 (1.06-1.84) |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases* | 3.55 (1.53-8.21) | 1.16 (0.16-8.54) | 2.82 (1.27-6.26) |
All digestive diseases | 2.13 (1.54-2.94) | 2.10 (1.28-3.43) | 2.12 (1.60-2.81) |
Peptic ulcer* | 1.37 (0.32-5.94) | 1.50 (0.20-11.31) | 1.42 (0.42-4.82) |
*: Tobacco-related diseases selected from the Surgeon General’s Report of 2004 and IARC Monograph volume 83.
†: Cox proportional hazard model