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. 2008 Dec 17;18(6):251–264. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE2007429

Table 3. Disease-specific, age-adjusted hazard ratio according to smoking status for females.

Cause of death Age-adjusted hazard ratio (vs. never-smokers)
(95% confidence interval)

Current smokers Former smokers Ever-smokers
All-cause 1.76 (1.65-1.87) 1.68 (1.52-1.86) 1.73 (1.64-1.83)
 
Total tobacco-related diseases 2.00 (1.83-2.19) 1.65 (1.42-1.91) 1.90 (1.75-2.06)
 
All cancers 1.57 (1.41-1.75) 1.57 (1.32-1.87) 1.57 (1.43-1.73)
 Total tobacco-related cancers 2.01 (1.76-2.30) 1.70 (1.35-2.14) 1.93 (1.71-2.17)
 Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx* 1.97 (0.69-5.65) 1.23 (0.17-9.12) 1.76 (0.68-4.59)
 Esophagus* 1.90 (0.74-4.86) 3.59 (1.27-10.16) 2.40 (1.15-5.02)
 Stomach* 1.22 (0.90-1.64) 1.47 (0.95-2.27) 1.29 (1.00-1.66)
 Liver* 1.73 (1.21-2.48) 1.23 (0.63-2.39) 1.59 (1.15-2.20)
 Pancreas* 1.81 (1.28-2.57) 1.96 (1.16-3.30) 1.85 (1.37-2.50)
 Larynx* 0.00 –  – 0.00 –  – 0.00 –  –
 Lung* 3.88 (3.07-4.90) 2.63 (1.72-4.03) 3.55 (2.86-4.40)
 Cervix uteri* 2.32 (1.31-4.10) 1.00 (0.25-4.09) 1.99 (1.16-3.41)
 Kidney, except renal pelvis* 0.60 (0.08-4.47) 1.55 (0.21-11.52) 0.86 (0.20-3.69)
 Renal pelvis, ureter, bladder* 1.86 (0.84-4.11) 0.00 –  – 1.30 (0.59-2.88)
 Myeloid leukemia* 0.96 (0.30-3.10) 0.96 (0.13-7.01) 0.96 (0.34-2.68)
 
All cardiovascular diseases 1.98 (1.78-2.21) 1.60 (1.34-1.91) 1.87 (1.70-2.06)
 Total tobacco-related cardiovascular diseases 2.09 (1.83-2.39) 1.66 (1.33-2.07) 1.97 (1.75-2.21)
 Ischemic heart diseases* 2.95 (2.33-3.73) 2.48 (1.71-3.60) 2.81 (2.28-3.46)
 Total stroke* 1.80 (1.52-2.12) 1.35 (1.01-1.79) 1.66 (1.44-1.93)
 Subarachnoid hemorrhage 2.79 (2.06-3.78) 1.05 (0.50-2.24) 2.33 (1.75-3.11)
 Intracerebral hemorrhage 1.92 (1.39-2.67) 1.69 (0.99-2.89) 1.86 (1.39-2.48)
 Cerebral infarction 1.48 (1.10-2.00) 1.17 (0.72-1.91) 1.39 (1.07-1.80)
 Aortic aneurysm and dissection 2.35 (1.16-4.79) 3.16 (1.25-7.95) 2.59 (1.43-4.69)
 Abdominal aortic aneurysm* 4.30 (1.16-15.96) 6.51 (1.39-30.39) 4.98 (1.66-14.94)
 
All respiratory diseases 1.65 (1.29-2.09) 1.27 (0.85-1.89) 1.53 (1.24-1.90)
 Total toabacco-related respiratory diseases 1.53 (1.13-2.07) 1.39 (0.88-2.21) 1.49 (1.15-1.93)
 Pneumonia* 1.39 (1.00-1.93) 1.40 (0.87-2.26) 1.40 (1.06-1.84)
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases* 3.55 (1.53-8.21) 1.16 (0.16-8.54) 2.82 (1.27-6.26)
 
All digestive diseases 2.13 (1.54-2.94) 2.10 (1.28-3.43) 2.12 (1.60-2.81)
 Peptic ulcer* 1.37 (0.32-5.94) 1.50 (0.20-11.31) 1.42 (0.42-4.82)

*: Tobacco-related diseases selected from the Surgeon General’s Report of 2004 and IARC Monograph volume 83.

†: Cox proportional hazard model