Appendix. Cause-specific, age-adjusted population attributable fraction according to smoking status, for males and females.
| Cause of death | ICD-9 | ICD-10 | Males | Females | ||||||||||
| Current smokers | Former smokers | Ever-smokers | Current smokers | Former smokers | Ever-smokers | |||||||||
| All-cause | (All) | (All) | 21.9% | (20.1%-23.7%) | 5.9% | (4.7%-7.1%) | 27.8% | (25.2%-30.4%) | 5.0% | (4.3%-5.6%) | 1.8% | (1.3%-2.2%) | 6.7% | (5.9%-7.5%) |
| All-cause§ | (All) | (All) | 14.7% | (12.9%-16.4%) | 4.4% | (3.5%-5.3%) | 19.1% | (16.0%-22.2%) | 2.9% | (2.3%-3.4%) | 0.8% | (0.5%-1.0%) | 3.6% | (3.0%-4.2%) |
| Total tobacco-related diseases | 26.7% | (24.3%-28.9%) | 8.0% | (6.4%-9.6%) | 34.7% | (31.2%-38.0%) | 6.5% | (5.4%-7.5%) | 1.7% | (1.0%-2.3%) | 8.1% | (6.9%-9.4%) | ||
| All cancers | 140-208 | C00-C97 | 29.3% | (26.5%-31.9%) | 9.3% | (7.5%-11.1%) | 38.6% | (34.5%-42.3%) | 3.8% | (2.7%-4.9%) | 1.4% | (0.7%-2.0%) | 5.2% | (3.9%-6.5%) |
| All cancers§ | 140-208 | C00-C97 | 26.0% | (22.5%-29.5%) | 7.8% | (6.2%-9.5%) | 33.8% | (27.5%-40.2%) | 3.5% | (2.6%-4.5%) | 1.0% | (0.5%-1.5%) | 4.4% | (3.3%-5.5%) |
| Total tobacco-related cancers | 35.2% | (32.1%-38.1%) | 10.5% | (8.5%-12.5%) | 45.7% | (41.2%-49.8%) | 6.5% | (4.9%-8.2%) | 1.7% | (0.8%-2.6%) | 8.3% | (6.3%-10.1%) | ||
| Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx* | 140-149 | C00-C14 | 39.3% | (19.0%-54.6%) | 12.7% | (0.3%-23.6%) | 52.0% | (19.6%-71.4%) | 6.4% | (-7.2%-18.2%) | 0.6% | (-6.0%-6.8%) | 7.0% | (-8.6%-20.3%) |
| Esophagus* | 150 | C15 | 47.0% | (35.3%-56.5%) | 13.8% | (6.7%-20.4%) | 60.8% | (43.4%-72.9%) | 5.5% | (-5.3%-15.2%) | 6.7% | (-2.7%-15.2%) | 12.2% | (-2.4%-24.7%) |
| Stomach* | 151 | C16 | 18.8% | (12.1%-24.9%) | 6.4% | (2.0%-10.6%) | 25.1% | (15.0%-34.1%) | 1.5% | (-1.0%-4.0%) | 1.2% | (-0.4%-2.8%) | 2.7% | (-0.4%-5.7%) |
| Liver* | 155 | C22 | 25.6% | (18.1%-32.5%) | 11.5% | (6.7%-16.0%) | 37.1% | (25.9%-46.6%) | 4.9% | (0.9%-8.7%) | 0.6% | (-1.5%-2.6%) | 5.4% | (0.9%-9.8%) |
| Pancreas* | 157 | C25 | 21.2% | (8.3%-32.3%) | 4.4% | (-3.8%-11.9%) | 25.5% | (5.7%-41.2%) | 5.3% | (1.3%-9.1%) | 2.4% | (-0.1%-4.9%) | 7.7% | (2.9%-12.2%) |
| Larynx* | 161 | C32 | 56.7% | (20.0%-76.6%) | 16.7% | (-4.8%-33.9%) | 73.4% | (-2.1%-93.1%) | 0.0% | - - | 0.0% | - - | 0.0% | - - |
| Lung* | 162 | C33-C34 | 55.8% | (51.2%-60.0%) | 13.4% | (10.3%-16.4%) | 69.2% | (62.6%-74.7%) | 16.4% | (12.0%-20.5%) | 3.4% | (1.2%-5.6%) | 19.8% | (14.9%-24.4%) |
| Cervix uteri* | 180 | C53 | - | - - | - | - - | - | - - | 8.6% | (0.4%-16.2%) | 0.0% | (-3.1%-3.0%) | 8.6% | (-0.3%-16.8%) |
| Kidney, except renal pelvis* | 189.0 | C64 | 19.9% | (-11.0%-42.2%) | 9.7% | (-9.6%-25.6%) | 29.6% | (-21.5%-59.2%) | -2.9% | (-12.3%-5.7%) | 1.5% | (-7.4%-9.8%) | -1.4% | (-15.0%-10.7%) |
| Renal pelvis, ureter, bladder* | 189.1, 189.2, 188 | C65-C67 | 56.9% | (39.5%-69.3%) | 15.4% | (4.2%-25.4%) | 72.3% | (43.1%-86.5%) | 5.8% | (-4.0%-14.7%) | 0.0% | - - | 2.9% | (-7.2%-12.1%) |
| Renal pelvis | 189.1 | C65 | 74.6% | (-13.7%-94.3%) | -2.6% | (-25.0%-15.7%) | 72.0% | (-87.7%-95.8%) | 0.0% | - - | 0.0% | - - | 0.0% | - - |
| Ureter | 189.2 | C66 | 33.0% | (-59.1%-71.8%) | 0.3% | (-46.1%-31.9%) | 33.2% | (-141.3%-81.5%) | 19.1% | (-20.7%-45.8%) | 0.0% | - - | 16.9% | (-23.9%-44.3%) |
| Bladder | 188 | C67 | 57.4% | (38.4%-70.5%) | 21.3% | (8.2%-32.5%) | 78.6% | (44.3%-91.8%) | 4.5% | (-6.1%-14.1%) | 0.0% | - - | 1.6% | (-9.5%-11.4%) |
| Myeloid leukemia* | 205 | C92 | 14.8% | (-13.7%-36.2%) | 20.3% | (1.9%-35.3%) | 35.1% | (-12.6%-62.6%) | -0.3% | (-8.9%-7.6%) | -0.1% | (-4.8%-4.4%) | -0.4% | (-10.5%-8.8%) |
| All cardiovascular diseases | 390-459 | 101-199 | 18.8% | (15.3%-22.2%) | 4.2% | (1.7%-6.6%) | 23.0% | (17.5%-28.0%) | 6.4% | (5.1%-7.7%) | 1.6% | (0.9%-2.4%) | 8.0% | (6.5%-9.6%) |
| All cardiovascular diseases§ | 390-459 | 101-199 | 12.4% | (8.9%-15.9%) | 2.9% | (0.9%-5.0%) | 15.3% | (9.6%-21.0%) | 4.5% | (3.3%-5.6%) | 1.1% | (0.5%-1.7%) | 5.6% | (4.2%-7.0%) |
| Total tobacco-related cardiovasucular diseases | 18.7% | (14.3%-22.8%) | 4.5% | (1.5%-7.4%) | 23.1% | (16.4%-29.3%) | 7.0% | (5.3%-8.7%) | 1.8% | (0.8%-2.7%) | 8.8% | (6.8%-10.7%) | ||
| Ischemic heart diseases* | 410-414 | 120-125 | 31.8% | (24.9%-37.9%) | 12.3% | (7.7%-16.8%) | 44.1% | (33.7%-52.8%) | 11.6% | (7.9%-15.1%) | 3.6% | (1.4%-5.8%) | 15.2% | (10.9%-19.3%) |
| Total stroke* | 430-438 | 160-169 | 10.6% | (4.8%-16.0%) | -0.1% | (-4.1%-3.8%) | 10.4% | (1.4%-18.6%) | 5.3% | (3.4%-7.1%) | 1.0% | (-0.1%-2.0%) | 6.2% | (4.1%-8.4%) |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 430 | 160 | 39.5% | (21.3%-53.5%) | 3.1% | (-6.3%-11.6%) | 42.6% | (15.8%-60.9%) | 11.3% | (6.5%-15.9%) | 0.1% | (-1.7%-1.9%) | 11.5% | (6.2%-16.4%) |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 431 | 161 | 10.8% | (-1.5%-21.5%) | -2.5% | (-9.8%-4.3%) | 8.3% | (-10.2%-23.7%) | 6.0% | (2.1%-9.8%) | 1.7% | (-0.5%-4.0%) | 7.8% | (3.2%-12.2%) |
| Cerebral infarction | 433-434 | 163 | 9.5% | (0.6%-17.5%) | 0.5% | (-6.1%-6.7%) | 9.9% | (-4.5%-22.3%) | 3.3% | (0.3%-6.3%) | 0.5% | (-1.2%-2.3%) | 3.9% | (0.3%-7.3%) |
| Aortic aneurysm and dissection | 441 | 171 | 47.4% | (30.3%-60.3%) | 18.3% | (6.8%-28.4%) | 65.6% | (37.6%-81.1%) | 8.2% | (-1.5%-17.0%) | 5.4% | (-1.7%-12.0%) | 13.6% | (1.4%-24.3%) |
| Abdominal aortic aneurysm* | 441.3, 441.4 | 171.3, 171.4 | 52.2% | (18.0%-72.1%) | 8.3% | (-11.8%-24.8%) | 60.3% | (-1.3%-84.5%) | 16.5% | (-9.9%-36.5%) | 12.1% | (-8.9%-29.0%) | 28.5% | (-5.6%-51.6%) |
| All respiratory diseases | 460-519 | J00-J99 | 13.9% | (8.4%-19.0%) | 9.5% | (5.2%-13.7%) | 23.4% | (14.5%-31.4%) | 4.3% | (1.8%-6.8%) | 0.8% | (-0.7%-2.2%) | 5.1% | (2.1%-8.0%) |
| All respiratory diseases§ | 460-519 | J00-J99 | 8.8% | (3.7%-13.9%) | 4.9% | (1.0%-8.8%) | 13.7% | (4.2%-23.2%) | 2.4% | (0.3%-4.5%) | 0.8% | (-0.5%-2.1%) | 3.2% | (0.6%-5.7%) |
| Total tobacco-related respiratory diseases | 12.4% | (5.8%-18.5%) | 6.9% | (1.6%-11.8%) | 19.2% | (8.4%-28.7%) | 3.6% | (0.5%-6.6%) | 1.2% | (-0.7%-3.1%) | 4.8% | (1.1%-8.3%) | ||
| Pneumonia* | 480-486 | J12-J18 | 6.6% | (-0.9%-13.6%) | 2.8% | (-3.2%-8.5%) | 9.4% | (-3.1%-20.5%) | 2.7% | (-0.4%-5.7%) | 1.2% | (-0.8%-3.2%) | 3.9% | (0.2%-7.5%) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases* | 491-492, 496 | J41-J44 | 36.5% | (23.8%-47.1%) | 23.8% | (13.5%-32.9%) | 60.3% | (39.0%-74.2%) | 15.2% | (-1.2%-29.0%) | 0.4% | (-5.8%-6.3%) | 15.6% | (-2.3%-30.5%) |
| All digestive diseases | 520-579 | K00-K93 | 33.0% | (23.1%-41.6%) | 4.1% | (-1.6%-9.4%) | 37.1% | (22.6%-48.8%) | 7.1% | (3.0%-11.0%) | 2.8% | (0.2%-5.3%) | 9.9% | (5.0%-14.5%) |
| All digestive diseases§ | 520-579 | K00-K93 | 4.6% | (-0.5%-9.7%) | 0.5% | (-0.7%-1.6%) | 5.1% | (-4.0%-14.2%) | 0.2% | (-0.7%-1.1%) | 0.1% | (-0.5%-0.7%) | 0.3% | (-0.9%-1.4%) |
| Peptic ulcer* | 531-533 | K25-K27 | 68.8% | (33.5%-85.3%) | 7.4% | (-9.9%-21.9%) | 76.0% | (7.5%-93.8%) | 2.6% | (-11.9%-15.2%) | 1.6% | (-8.3%-10.6%) | 4.2% | (-14.1%-19.6%) |
*: Tobacco-related diseases selected from the Surgeon General’s Report of 2004 and IARC Monograph volume 83.
§: Population attributable fraction was calculated by summing up attributable fractions estimated for each tobacco-related disease, assuming that the fraction of diseases other than tobacco-related diseases was zero.