Table 1.
Etiologies of superior vena cava syndrome
| Etiology (Rice et al. 2006a; Chen et al. 1990; Mineo et al. 1999; Schraufnagel et al. 1981; Nicholson et al. 1997; Hohloch et al. 2014; Lonardi et al. 2002) | Prevalence (%) (Rice et al. 2006a; Chen et al. 1990; Mineo et al. 1999; Schraufnagel et al. 1981; Nicholson et al. 1997; Hohloch et al. 2014; Lonardi et al. 2002) |
|---|---|
| Malignant | |
| Non-small cell lung cancer | 22–57 |
| Small cell lung cancer | 10–39 |
| Lymphoma | 1–27 |
| “Other metastasis” | 19 |
| Other adenocarcinoma | 3–15 |
| Germ cell tumors | 2–6 |
| Thymoma | 1–3 |
| Sarcomas | 2 |
| Esophageal carcinoma | 2 |
| AML | 1 |
| Tuberculosis lymphangitis | 2 |
| Benign | |
| Port-a-cath | 16 |
| Dialysis catheter | 5 |
| Fibrosing mediastinitis | 2–9 |
| Mesothelioma | 1–7 |
| Mustard operation | 5 |
| Primary SVC thrombosis | 1–5 |
| Retrosternal goiter | 3 |
| Tuberculosis lymphangitis | 2 |
| Behcet’s syndrome | 2 |
| Pacemaker wire | 1–2 |
| Hematoma after aortic dissection repair | 1 |
| Pseudotumor | 1 |
| Hickman catheter | 1 |
| Aneurysm | 1 |
| Radiation fibrosis | 1 |
Malignant and non-malignant causes of superior vena cava syndrome