Table 3.
Descriptive statistics of personal, behavioural and social variables for the happy and unhappy groups
| Variables (theoretical range) | Happy N = 400 |
Unhappy N = 400 |
Statistical testa | η2p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
| Happiness (0–10) | 10.0 (0) | 2.5 (1.44) | ||
| Personal variables | ||||
| Life satisfaction (0–10) | 8.9 (1.77) | 3.2 (2.08) | F1,767 = 1455.86*** | 0.66 |
| Health (1–5) | 4.1 (0.97) | 2.9 (1.14) | F1,767 = 181.23*** | 0.19 |
| Personal Wellbeing Index (0–10) | 8.1 (1.38) | 4.5 (1.82) | F1,767 = 832.35*** | 0.52 |
| Behavioural variables | ||||
| Leisure activities (1–8) | ||||
| Visiting cultural events | 2.7 (0.97) | 2.2 (1.06) | F1,767 = 9.80** | 0.02 |
| Active socializing and going out | 2.9 (1.59) | 2.3 (1.42) | F1,767 = 2.92 ns | 0.00 |
| Family and home activities | 5.4 (0.93) | 4.9 (1.15) | F1,767 = 36.80*** | 0.05 |
| Involvement in the community (1–3) | 1.4 (0.64) | 1.2 (0.53) | F1, 767 = 3.64* | 0.01 |
| Social variables | ||||
| National Wellbeing Index (0–10) | 5.4 (2.08) | 3.6 (1.71) | F1,769 = 155.52*** | 0.17 |
| Trust in people (0–10) | 5.0 (2.59) | 3.5 (2.09) | F1,769 = 75.67*** | 0.09 |
| Trust in the institutions (1–4) | ||||
| Government institutions | 1.9 (0.67) | 1.7 (0.63) | F1,769 = 19.33*** | 0.03 |
| Public institutions | 2.5 (0.66) | 2.2 (0.66) | F1,769 = 51.13*** | 0.06 |
| Non-government institutions | 2.3 (0.65) | 2.1 (0.67) | F1,769 = 19.18*** | 0.02 |
ns non-significant
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001
aThree MACNOVAs were performed for personal, behavioural, and social variables separately to test the differences between happy and unhappy groups. The overall Wilks’s lambda for each MANCOVA was significant, p < 0.001. The tests of significance for individual dependent variables are presented. In all analyses the covariates were age, income and education level; η2p = Partial eta-squared, effect size measure