Table 1.

Participant information on age, education, and musical training.

	Age in years	Years of education	Handedness	Years of formal musical training	Age when musical training began	Years since last musical training	Number of instruments played (including voice)	Number of participants currently engaged in instrument or vocal activities
Male musicians	20.2 (2.0)	14.4 (1.5)	93.6 (8.1)	7.8 (2.4)	8.8 (2.7)	3.2 (3.2)	2.3 (0.8)	6
Female musicians	20.3 (1.8)	14.7 (1.8)	88.3 (12.7)	8.3 (2.6)	7.3 (2.0)	4.6 (3.1)	1.9 (1.2)	4
Male non-musicians	20.3 (3.0)	14.1 (2.1)	90.0 (12.6)	0.3 (0.4)	NA	NA	NA	NA
Female non-musicians	20.8 (2.0)	14.5 (1.5)	96.4 (9.2)	0.2 (0.4)	NA	NA	NA	NA

All values are presented as means (with standard deviations), except for the number of participants currently engaged in instrument or vocal activities. Handedness values were computed from the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield, 1971), with a value of 100 indicating maximally right handed; the means and standard deviations for male musicians, male non-musicians, and female non-musicians are based on data from 11 rather than 12 participants, since Edinburgh Handedness Inventory data were missing from one participant in each of these subgroups. NA, not applicable. See main text for details.