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. 2016 Jan 28;14(2):27. doi: 10.3390/md14020027

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© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of SCFAs on the expression of several genes, which regulate the production of different proteins and some anti-inflammatory cytokines (colored in green) involved in the immunity status and protection from inflammation. SCFAs also regulate the release of GLP-1, responsible for the increase in the production of insulin and decrease in glucagon (in green), which reduces blood glucose levels. Additional benefits provided by SCFAs are indicated by bold dashed arrows. Specific properties of the main SCFAs (propionate, acetate and butyrate), and the target organs are illustrated as well.