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. 2016 Mar 1;6:22232. doi: 10.1038/srep22232

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The vertical force components, F_I and F_II, is balanced where interfacial tensions (γ) exist among the particle (_P), air (_A), and water (_W). The upper part of the TCL is dry during the pinning stage. The horizontal force component F_C contributes to the capillary attraction.