Table 3.
Average energy and nutrients intake (percentage of RNI/AI) for urban and rural residents in Tianjin in three different periods (x ± s, /reference person/day)
| Energy/Nutrients | Urban | Rural | RNI/AI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1986–1988 | 2000–2004 | 2008–2011 | p Value | 1986–1988 | 2000–2004 | 2008–2011 | p Value | ||
| (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | ||||
| Energy (kcal) | 2649.07 ± 272.18 | 1977.61 ± 92.86 ** | 2142.45 ± 156.31 * | 0.003 | 2290.77 ± 71.12 | 2421.90 ± 96.30 | 2280.49 ± 38.91 | 0.098 | 2400 |
| (110.38) | (82.40) | (89.25) | (95.45) | (100.91) | (95.02) | ||||
| Protein (g) | 83.63 ± 7.07 | 73.81 ± 4.97 | 78.08 ± 1.05 | 0.104 | 64.60 ± 2.31 | 70.26 ± 4.29 | 78.41 ± 0.58 ** | 0.010 | 75 |
| (111.51) | (98.41) | (104.11) | (86.13) | (93.68) | (104.55) | ||||
| Fat (g) | 98.20 ± 13.95 | 75.91 ± 4.85 * | 81.21 ± 5.16 | 0.025 | 52.83 ± 4.25 | 52.47 ± 2.34 | 78.43 ± 9.09 **## | 0.001 | |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 357.57 ± 33.42 | 250.19 ± 10.37 ** | 275.02 ± 26.11 * | 0.001 | 389.87 ± 25.54 | 417.45 ± 20.00 | 315.24 ± 30.77 *## | 0.004 | |
| Dietary fiber (g) | 6.03 ± 0.55 | 10.13 ± 0.50 | 17.20 ± 7.95 **# | 0.015 | 5.27 ± 0.32 | 16.24 ± 2.58 ** | 18.41 ± 7.82 **## | 0.006 | 25 |
| (24.12) | (40.52) | (68.80) | (21.08) | (64.96) | (73.64) | ||||
| Retinol Equiv. (μg) | 1377.00 ± 136.54 | 444.38 ± 122.22 ** | 624.15 ± 27.10 ** | 0.000 | 590.20 ± 73.72 | 426.469 ± 153.89 | 576.24 ± 94.85 | 0.217 | 800 |
| (172.13) | (55.55) | (78.02) | (73.78) | (53.31) | (72.03) | ||||
| Thiamine (mg) | 1.93 ± 0.40 | 1.01 ± 0.08 | 1.10 ± 0.10 | 0.002 | 2.40 ± 0.17 | 1.44 ± 0.14 ** | 1.12 ± 0.07 ** | 0.000 | 1.4 |
| (137.86) | (72.14) | (78.57) | (171.43) | (102.86) | (80.00) | ||||
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.13 ± 0.12 | 1.10 ± 0.08 ** | 1.16 ± 0.17 * | 0.744 | 0.73 ± 0.06 | 0.75 ± 0.04 | 1.14 ± 0.20 **## | 0.002 | 1.4 |
| (80.71) | (78.57) | (82.86) | (52.14) | (53.57) | (81.43) | ||||
| Niacin (mg) | 15.33 ± 0.85 | 18.05 ± 0.72 ** | 17.03 ± 0.22 | 0.004 | 14.40 ± 0.46 | 15.09 ± 0.76 | 16.91 ± 0.39 **# | 0.010 | 14 |
| (109.5) | (128.93) | (121.64) | (102.86) | (107.79) | (120.78) | ||||
| Ascorbic acid (mg) | 94.00 ± 21.17 | 165.43 ± 45.41 | 101.33 ± 0.03 | 0.055 | 58.13 ± 11.02 | 85.20 ± 24.19 | 95.29 ± 8.57 | 0.137 | 100 |
| (94.00) | (165.43) | (101.33) | (58.13) | (85.2) | (95.29) | ||||
| Calcium (mg) | 475.1 ± 67.05 | 611.25 ± 92.44 | 625.15 ± 57.97 | 0.936 | 406.83 ± 30.03 | 482.40 ± 34.29 * | 504.86 ± 97.01 **## | 0.000 | 800 |
| (59.39) | (76.41) | (78.14) | (50.85) | (60.3) | (63.11) | ||||
| Iron (mg) | 28.03 ± 2.80 | 24.20 ± 1.24 | 24.02 ± 2.88 | 0.081 | 25.90 ± 1.21 | 20.76 ± 1.36 | 25.26 ± 1.12 **# | 0.002 | 15 |
| (186.87) | (161.33) | (160.13) | (172.67) | (138.4) | (168.4) | ||||
| Zinc (mg) | 11.51 ± 1.07 | 12.09 ± 1.41 | 12.90 ± 1.43 | 0.546 | 10.12 ± 0.36 | 13.22 ± 0.43 * | 12.87 ± 1.47 * | 0.001 | 15 |
| (76.73) | (80.60) | (86.00) | (67.47) | (88.13) | (85.8) | ||||
| Selenium (μg) | 46.93 ± 3.67 | 60.51 ± 8.93 | 64.28 ± 3.52 | 0.053 | 25.31 ± 0.49 | 40.52 ± 2.06 * | 61.70 ± 7.17 **# | 0.000 | 50 |
| (93.86) | (121.02) | (128.56) | (50.62) | (81.04) | (123.4) | ||||
| Cholesterol (mg) | 486.26 ± 58.29 | 498.69 ± 45.93 | 509.72 ± 107.69 | 0.916 | 191.53 ± 29.71 | 247.82 ± 54.93 | 451.27 ± 25.03 **## | 0.001 | 300 |
| (162.09) | (166.23) | (169.91) | (63.84) | (82.61) | (150.42) | ||||
* p < 0.05: vs. 1986–1988; ** p < 0.01: vs. 1986–1988; # p < 0.05: vs. 2000–2004; ## p < 0.01: vs. 2000–2004. Abbreviation: RNI: recommended nutrient intake; AI: adequate intake.