. 2016 Jan 26;8(2):63. doi: 10.3390/nu8020063

Table 2.

Cardio-metabolic and renal responses of the omnivore (OMV) vs. lacto-ovo vegetarian (LOV) groups at baseline and at the end of each protein quantity-specific period

Measurement ^a	Group	Baseline ^b	10% Protein	20% Protein	30% Protein
Fasting Lipid/Lipoprotein Status
Total cholesterol ^c, mg/dL	OMV	186 ± 9	164 ± 5	151 ± 8	154 ± 8
Total cholesterol ^c, mg/dL	LOV	176 ± 6	149 ± 6	145 ± 6	143 ± 6
HDL-C, mg/dL	OMV	50 ± 3	44 ± 2	40 ± 3	42 ± 2
HDL-C, mg/dL	LOV	53 ± 3	44 ± 2	44 ± 2	44 ± 2
LDL-C, mg/dL	OMV	112 ± 7	94 ± 5	89 ± 6	92 ± 5
LDL-C, mg/dL	LOV	102 ± 6	83 ± 5	81 ± 4	82 ± 5
Triacylglycerol ^c, mg/dL	OMV	135 ± 12	124 ± 9	113 ± 4	107 ± 9
Triacylglycerol ^c, mg/dL	LOV	107 ± 10	115 ± 9	97 ± 9	99 ± 9
APO-A1 ^d, mg/dL	OMV	145 ± 8	123 ± 5	122 ± 5	120 ± 4
APO-A1 ^d, mg/dL	LOV	143 ± 7	121 ± 6	117 ± 4	118 ± 5
APO-B ^c, mg/dL	OMV	91 ± 5	84 ± 4	81 ± 4	78 ± 3
APO-B ^c, mg/dL	LOV	83 ± 4	77 ± 4	71 ± 3	70 ± 3
Glycemic Status
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	OMV	86 ± 3	91 ± 2	90 ± 2	89 ± 2
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	LOV	89 ± 2	92 ± 2	90 ± 1	91 ± 2
Fasting insulin, µU/mL	OMV	11.6 ± 1.6	8.3 ± 1.2	7.6 ± 0.8	10.1 ± 2.4
Fasting insulin, µU/mL	LOV	9.7 ± 1.3	6.9 ± 0.8	6.2 ± 0.9	6.2 ± 0.7
HOMA-IR	OMV	2.54 ± 0.42	1.90 ± 0.29	1.73 ± 0.19	2.38 ± 0.68
HOMA-IR	LOV	2.14 ± 0.29	1.59 ± 0.19	1.36 ± 0.20	1.42 ± 0.18
HOMA-β, %	OMV	144.9 ± 30.8	104.9 ± 11.9	98.9 ± 7.3	124.9 ± 25.2
HOMA-β, %	LOV	150.4 ± 25.0	87.5 ± 9.3	87.5 ± 13.3	88.8 ± 8.6
Glucose AUC ^e, mg/dL × 240 min	OMV		1557 ± 282	1559 ± 278	2164 ± 288
Glucose AUC ^e, mg/dL × 240 min	LOV		2182 ± 274	2156 ± 270	2245 ± 279
Insulin AUC ^ef, µU/mL × 240 min	OMV		3964 ± 451	3367 ± 411	4565 ± 639
Insulin AUC ^ef, µU/mL × 240 min	LOV		4133 ± 365	3891 ± 443	4675 ± 637
Blood Pressure Status ^g
Reclining systolic BP, mm Hg	OMV	122 ± 2	116 ± 3	116 ± 3	112 ± 2
Reclining systolic BP, mm Hg	LOV	123 ± 3	117 ± 3	118 ± 4	115 ± 3
Reclining Diastolic BP, mm Hg	OMV	81 ± 2	77 ± 2	76 ± 2	73 ± 1
Reclining Diastolic BP, mm Hg	LOV	78 ± 2	75 ± 1	76 ± 2	75 ± 2
Sitting Systolic BP, mm Hg	OMV	116 ± 3	111 ± 3	112 ± 2	108 ± 2
Sitting Systolic BP, mm Hg	LOV	120 ± 4	115 ± 3	112 ± 4	110 ± 3
Sitting Diastolic BP, mm Hg	OMV	74 ± 2	70 ± 2	69 ± 2	67 ± 1
Sitting Diastolic BP, mm Hg	LOV	74 ± 2	71 ± 2	70 ± 2	69 ± 2
Fasting Renal Status ^g
Serum Creatinine, mg/dL	OMV	0.90 ± 0.05	0.86 ± 0.04	0.90 ± 0.04	0.86 ± 0.05
Serum Creatinine, mg/dL	LOV	0.92 ± 0.04	0.83 ± 0.04	0.82 ± 0.03	0.82 ± 0.03
Creatinine clearance rate, mL/min	OMV	111 ± 6	108 ± 7	103 ± 6	110 ± 8
Creatinine clearance rate, mL/min	LOV	104 ± 6	107 ± 7	107 ± 6	106 ± 6
Glomerular filtration rate, mL/min	OMV	83 ± 4	86 ± 4	83 ± 4	85 ± 4
Glomerular filtration rate, mL/min	LOV	80 ± 4	88 ± 4	88 ± 4	87 ± 4
Resting Energy Expenditure
REE_f, kcal/kg/h ^h	OMV	0.89 ± 0.04	0.90 ± 0.04	0.90 ± 0.04	0.87 ± 0.04
REE_f, kcal/kg/h ^h	LOV	0.92 ± 0.03	0.86 ± 0.05	0.90 ± 0.04	0.98 ± 0.04
REE_pp AUC ^e, kcal/kg/h × 4 h	OMV		0.47 ± 0.09	0.40 ± 0.06	0.58 ± 0.11
REE_pp AUC ^e, kcal/kg/h × 4 h	LOV		0.66 ± 0.01	0.58 ± 0.12	0.48 ± 0.10
Thermic effect of feeding ⁱ (%)	OMV		8.9 ± 1.6	7.7 ± 1.3	11.0 ± 2.1
Thermic effect of feeding ⁱ (%)	LOV		12.7 ± 2.0	11.1 ± 2.4	9.1 ± 1.8

^a Data are Means ± SEMs; ^b No differences at baseline between groups; ^c There was a main effect of protein quantity (p < 0.05). Post-hoc: 10% > 20% and 30% protein (p < 0.05); ^d LOV M = 6, F = 10 for 30% protein; ^e Area under the curve was calculated to represent the postprandial response to consuming the acute test breakfast; ^f There was a main effect of protein quantity (p < 0.05). Post-hoc: 20% < 30% (p < 0.05); ^g LOV M = 5, F = 11 for 30% protein; ^h There was a protein source-by-quantity interaction (p < 0.05). No main effects of protein source or quantity. Post-hoc: LOV 30% > OMV 30% protein, (p < 0.05); ⁱ The thermic effect of feeding was expressed as: REEpp AUC (kcal) divided by the calorie of the test breakfast.