Table 2.
Maternal characteristics, vitamin D and dietary supplements intake and the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among participants.
| Variables | Participants N (%) | Vitamin D Deficiency (%) | p-Value * |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gravidity (Number of pregnancies) | |||
| Primagravida | 35 (21.9%) | 57.1% | 0.195 |
| Multigravida | 125 (78.1%) | 48.0% | |
| Parity (Number of deliveries) | |||
| Nulliparous | 35 (21.9%) | 57.1% | 0.317 |
| Primiparous | 55 (34.4%) | 45.5% | |
| Multiparous | 70 (43.8%) | 50.0% | |
| Inter-pregnancy intervals ** | |||
| 2 years or less | 63 (50.4%) | 46.0% | 0.788 |
| More than 2 years | 62 (49.6%) | 50.0% | |
| Previous method of birth *** | |||
| Normal birth | 99 (79.2%) | 50.5% | 0.235 |
| Caesarean birth | 26 (20.8%) | 38.5% | |
| Maternal BMI status **** | |||
| 18.5–25 | 34 (22.2%) | 41.2% | 0.551 |
| 25–29.9 | 79 (51.6%) | 51.9% | |
| ≥ 30 | 40 (26.1%) | 50.0% | |
| Vitamin D intake | |||
| Inadequate intake | 147 (91.9%) | 51.0% | 0.319 |
| Adequate intake | 13 (8.1%) | 38.5% | |
| Multi-vitamin supplement | |||
| No | 72 (45.0%) | 54.2% | 0.224 |
| Yes | 88 (55.0%) | 46.6% |
* Categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages, and analyzed using a chi-square test. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. ** Primagravida women were excluded (n = 35). *** Nulliparous women were excluded (n = 35). **** BMI data for seven participants were missing.