Table 1.
In vitro and in vivo biotransformation of flavan-3-ols by gut microbiota.
| Compound | Metabolite | Model (in Vivo/in Vitro) and References |
|---|---|---|
| (+)-C or (−)-EC | 1-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2″,4″,6″- trihydroxyphenyl)propan-2-ol | Rat in vitro [84] |
| 1-(3′-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2″,4″,6″- trihydroxyphenyl)propan-2-ol | Rat in vitro [84] | |
| 1-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2″,4″,6″-trihydroxyphenyl)propan-2-ol | Rat in vitro [84] | |
| 5-(3′-hydroxyphenyl)pentanoic acid | Rat in vitro [84] | |
| 5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-valeric acid | Rat in vitro [84] | |
| 5-(3′-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-valeric acid | Rat in vitro [84] | |
| 5-[(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one | Rat in vitro [84]; Human in vitro [87]; Human in vivo [90] | |
| 5-[(3′-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)oxolan-2-one | Rat in vitro [84]; Human in vitro [88] | |
| 5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-pentanoic acid | Rat in vitro [84]; Human in vitro [87] | |
| 3,4-DHPPA | Rat in vitro [84]; Pig in vitro [89] | |
| 3-HPPA | Rat in vitro [84]; Human in vitro [87] | |
| 4-HPAA | Pig in vitro [89] | |
| 3-HBA | Pig in vitro [89] | |
| 4-HBA | Pig in vitro [89] | |
| Phloroglucinol | Pig in vitro [89] | |
| 5-[(3′,4′,5′-trihydroxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one | Human in vitro [88] | |
| (+)-GC or (–)EGC | 1-(3′,5′-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2″,4″,6″- trihydroxyphenyl)propan-2-ol | Human in vitro [87,88] |
| 5-[(3′,4′,5′-trihydroxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one | Human in vitro [87,88] | |
| 4-HPAA | Human in vitro [87]; Pig in vitro [89] | |
| Phloroglucinol | Pig in vitro [89] | |
| 3,4-DHPPA | Pig in vitro [89] | |
| 3-HPPA | Pig in vitro [89] | |
| 3-HBA | Pig in vitro [89] | |
| 4-HBA | Pig in vitro [89] | |
| (−)-EGC | 5-[(3′,4′,5′-trihydroxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one | Human in vivo [90] |
| 5-[(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one | Human in vivo [90] | |
| 5-[(3′,5′-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl)]oxolan-2-one | Human in vivo [90] | |
| (−)-ECG | EC | Rat in vivo [92,93] |
| Gallic acid | Rat in vivo [92,93] | |
| Pyrogallol | Rat in vivo [92,93] | |
| 1-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2″,4″,6″- trihydroxyphenyl)propan-2-ol | Rat in vivo [92,93] | |
| 5-[(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one | Rat in vivo [92,93] | |
| 5-[(3′-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)]oxolan-2-one | Rat in vivo [92,93] | |
| 5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)pentanoic acid | Rat in vivo [92,93] | |
| 3-HPPA | Rat in vivo [92,93] | |
| (E)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-acrylic acid | Rat in vivo [92,93] | |
| EGC | Rat in vivo [92,93] | |
| (+)-GCG or (−)-EGCG | EGC | Rat in vitro [91]; Human in vitro [87,88]; Pig in vitro [89] |
| Gallic acid | Rat in vitro [91]; Human in vitro [87,88]; Pig in vitro [89] | |
| 5-[(3′,4′,5′-trihydroxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one | Rat in vitro [91]; Pig in vitro [89] | |
| 1-(3′,4′,5′-trihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2″,4″,6″-trihydroxyphenyl)propan-2-ol | Rat in vitro [91] | |
| 1-(3′,5′-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2″,4″,6″- trihydroxyphenyl)propan-2-ol | Rat in vitro [91] | |
| 5-(3′,5′,- dihydroxyphenyl) pentanoic acid | Rat in vitro [91] | |
| 5-(3′,4′,5′-trihydroxyphenyl) pentanoic acid | Rat in vitro [91] | |
| 5-(3′-hydroxyphenyl)-pentanoic acid | Rat in vitro [91] | |
| 5-[(3′,5′-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl)]oxolan-2-one | Rat in vitro [91] | |
| 3,5-DHPPA | Rat in vitro [91] | |
| 5-[(3′,4′,5′-trihydroxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one | Human in vitro [87] | |
| Pyrogallol | Human in vitro [87] | |
| Pyrocatechol | Human in vitro [87] | |
| 4-HPAA | Human in vitro [87] | |
| (−)-EGCG | EGC | Rat in vivo [92,93] |
| Gallic acid | Rat in vivo [92,93] | |
| 1-(3′,4′,5′-trihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2″,4″,6″- trihydroxyphenyl)propan-2-ol | Rat in vivo [92,93] | |
| 1-(3′,5′-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2″,4″,6″-trihydroxyphenyl)propan-2-ol | Rat in vivo [92,93] | |
| 5-[(3′,4′,5′-trihydroxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one | Rat in vivo [92,93] | |
| 5-[(3′,5′-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl)]oxolan-2-one | Rat in vivo [92,93] | |
| 5-[(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one | Rat in vivo [92,93] |
Abbreviations: 3,4-DHPPA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid; 3-HPPA, 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid; 4-HPPA, 4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid; 3-HBA, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid; 4-HBA, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid; 3,4-DHPAA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; 3-HPAA, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid; 4-HPAA, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid.