Table 4.
Body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies, anemia, iron deficiency, inflammation and malaria among women of childbearing age (n = 696–741 women) by province 1.
| South Kivu | Kongo Central | |
|---|---|---|
| Total, n (%) | 444 (59.7) | 300 (40.3) |
| BMI, kg/m2, n (%) | ||
| Underweight, <18.5 | 13 (3.0) | 45 (15.0) |
| Normal, 18.5–24.9 | 316 (73.5) | 228 (76.0) |
| Overweight, 25.0–29.9 | 91 (21.2) | 22 (7.3) |
| Obese, ≥30.0 | 10 (2.3) | 5 (1.7) |
| Micronutrient Deficiencies, % (95%CI) | ||
| Vitamin B12, <150 pmol/L | 0.5 (0.1, 1.6) | 0.7 (0.08, 2.6) |
| RBP (unadjusted), <0.7 µmol/L | 0.2 (0.0, 1.2) | 1.3 (0.36, 3.4) |
| RBP (adjusted) 2, <0.7 µmol/L | 0 (0, 0.8) * | 0.7 (0.1, 2.4) |
| Zinc (unadjusted), <9.0 µmol/L | 55.1 (50.3, 59.8) | 60.0 (54.2, 65.6) |
| Zinc (adjusted) 3, <9.0 µmol/L | 51.8 (47.0, 56.6) | 57.7 (51.9, 63.3) |
| Folate, <6.8 nmol/L | 0.7 (0.1, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.2, 3.0) |
| Ferritin (unadjusted), <15 µg/L | 3.9 (2.3, 6.1) | 4.7 (2.6, 7.7) |
| Ferritin (adjusted) 2, <15 µg/L | 5.4 (3.5, 8.0) | 5.3 (3.1, 8.5) |
| sTfR, >8.3 mg/L | 17.7 (14.2, 21.6) | 20.7 (16.2, 25.7) |
| Anemia, Hb < 120 g/L, % (95%CI) | ||
| Unadjusted Hb | 10.2 (7.5, 13.4) | 29.2 (24.1, 34.7) |
| Hb adjusted for altitude | 16.5 (13.2, 20.3) | 31.9 (26.7, 37.5) |
| Hb adjusted for ethnicity | 3.4 (1.9, 5.5) | 9.4 (6.3, 13.2) |
| Hb adjusted for altitude and ethnicity | 5.9 (3.9, 8.5) | 10.4 (7.2, 14.4) |
| Iron Deficiency Anemia, % (95%CI) | ||
| Hb < 120 g/L and ferritin < 15 µg/L 2 | 0.9 (0.2, 2.3) | 0.7 (0.1, 2.4) |
| Hb < 120 g/L and sTfR > 8.3 mg/L | 2.7 (1.4, 4.7) | 2.3 (0.9, 4.8) |
| Inflammation Biomarkers, % (95%CI) | ||
| Acute, CRP, >5 mg/L | 6.3 (4.3, 9.0) | 9.7 (6.7, 13.6) |
| Chronic, AGP, >1 g/L | 22.7 (18.8, 26.9) | 23.7 (19.0, 28.9) |
| Malaria Infection, % (95%CI) | 1.8 (0.7, 3.6) | 7.3 (4.7, 10.9) |
1 AGP, α-1 acid glycoprotein; CRP, C-reactive protein; Hb, hemoglobin; RBP, retinol binding protein (vitamin A status); sTfR, soluble transferrin receptor; 2 Values were adjusted for inflammation using correction factors proposed by Thurnham et al. [24,25]; 3 Values were adjusted for inflammation using study-generated correction factors; * Values present one-sided 97.5% CI (rather than two-sided 95%CI) due to very low prevalence rates.