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. 2016 Mar;6(3):a026104. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026104

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

p53 induces different target genes to block different stages of tumor development. Metabolic/antioxidant/DNA repair genes reduce the chance of spontaneous tumor initiation by maintaining homeostasis, reducing mutation rates, blocking epigenetic changes, and promoting DNA damage repair. When tumors pass the initiation step, tumor progression is blocked by apoptosis/cell-cycle arrest/senescence activities.