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. 2016 Mar 1;6:22325. doi: 10.1038/srep22325

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Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited

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NAD⁺ promotes Tregs conversion into Th17 cells in absence of exogenous TGF-β and IL-6 cytokines after TCR engagement via purinergic receptors P2RX4 and P2RX7 and the transcription factors STAT3 and RORγt. Th17 cells differentiate in the presence of IL-2 and proliferate in absence of IL-23 cytokine. In addition, NAD⁺ promotes homeostasis via a robust systemic IL-10 originating from CD4⁺ T helper cells.