Table 5.
Associations between physical inactivity prevalence, health behaviour, mental health and protective factor variables in school going adolescents by gender from 7 ASEAN countries.
| Variable | Boys | Girls | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | UOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Socio-demographics | ||||
| Age in years | ||||
| 13 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 14 | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) | 0.98 (0.82–1.18) | 1.12 (0.89–1.40) | |
| 15 | 0.82 (0.67–0.99) * | 0.84 (0.68–1.03) | 1.25 (0.97–1.61) | |
| Hunger | ||||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Rarely | 1.21 (1.03–1.41) * | 1.10 (0.93–1.30) | 1.06 (0.85–1.31) | |
| Sometimes/mostly/always | 1.58 (1.34–1.86) *** | 1.27 (1.05–1.54) * | 1.15 (0.97–1.37) | |
| Country income | ||||
| Upper middle income | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Low income/Lower middle income | 1.70 (1.45–1.98) *** | 1.82 (1.54–2.15) *** | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) | |
| Health risk status and behaviour | ||||
| BMI weight status | ||||
| Normal weight/Underweight | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Overweight or obese | 0.99 (0.801.22) | 0.86 (0.68–1.10) | ||
| Walk/bike to school in the past 7 days | ||||
| 0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–6 | 0.83 (0.69–0.99) * | 0.78 (0.65–0.95) * | 0.72 (0.59–0.87) *** | 0.71 (0.59–0.86) *** |
| 7 | 0.63 (0.5–0.75) *** | 0.65 (0.53–0.79) *** | 0.53 (0.43–0.64) *** | 0.55 (0.44–0.67) *** |
| Attendance of physical education 1 | ||||
| 0 days/week | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1 day/week | 0.25 (0.1–0.37) *** | 0.32 (0.20–0.50) *** | 0.44 (0.31–0.64) *** | 0.54 (0.38–0.79) *** |
| 2 or more days/week | 0.19 (0.1–0.29) *** | 0.28 (0.17–0.45) *** | 0.33 (0.22–0.49) *** | 0.48 (0.31–0.75) *** |
| Sitting (≥3 h/day) | 0.67 (0.5–0.79) *** | 0.70 (0.60–0.82) *** | 0.87 (0.74–1.01) | |
| Fruits (<2 servings) (base = 2 or more servings) | 1.38 (1.1–1.59) *** | 1.16 (0.97–1.40) | 1.16 (0.98–1.37) | |
| Vegetables (<3 servings) (base = 3 or more servings) | 1.45 (1.2–1.68) *** | 1.23 (1.01–1.49) * | 1.29 (1.09–1.53) ** | 1.21 (1.02–1.43) * |
| Bullied | 1.20 (1.0–1.43) * | 1.03 (0.87–1.22) | 1.09 (0.94–1.26) | |
| Current tobacco use (base = no) | 1.12 (0.9–1.37) | 1.23 (0.84–1.83) | ||
| Current alcohol use (base = no) | 0.97 (0.7–1.21) | 1.11 (0.75–1.62) | ||
| Poor mental health | ||||
| No close friends (base = yes) | 0.95 (0.6–1.35) | 1.31(0.85–2.01) | ||
| Loneliness (base = no) | 0.78 (0.6–0.99) * | 0.69 (0.52–0.92) ** | 1.19 (0.89–1.59) | |
| Suicidal ideation (base = no) | 1.10 (0.8–1.42) | 1.38 (1.06–1.80) * | 1.20 (0.90–1.59) | |
| Protective factors | ||||
| School attendance (past 30 days) | 0.71 (0.6–0.84) *** | 0.84 (0.71–1.00) | 0.80 (0.64–0.99) * | 0.92 (0.74–1.64) |
| Peer support in school (mostly/always) | 0.51 (0.4–0.58) *** | 0.63 (0.53–0.76) *** | 0.58 (0.49–0.69) *** | 0.70 (0.59–0.82) *** |
| Parental/guardian supervision (mostly or always) | 0.62 (0.5–0.72) *** | 0.82 (0.7–0.96) * | 0.58 (0.49–0.68) *** | 0.75 (0.64–0.89) *** |
| Parental/guardian connectivity (mostly/always) | 0.68 (0.6–0.77) *** | 0.90 0.7–1.05) | 0.59 (0.50–0.70) *** | 0.75 (0.63–0.90) ** |
| Parental/guardian bonding (mostly/always) | 0.60 (0.5–0.69) *** | 0.76 (0.6–0.89) *** | 0.67 (0.56–0.81) *** | 0.94 (0.78–1.13) |
1 Analysis for Cambodia, Malaysia, Philippines and Vietnam only (excluding Indonesia, Myanmar and Thailand) *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; UOR = Unadjusted Odds Ratio; AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval.