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. 2016 Feb 15;13(2):217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13020217

Table 5.

Associations between physical inactivity prevalence, health behaviour, mental health and protective factor variables in school going adolescents by gender from 7 ASEAN countries.

Variable Boys Girls
UOR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI) UOR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI)
Socio-demographics
Age in years
13 1.00 1.00 1.00
14 0.93 (0.77–1.12) 0.98 (0.82–1.18) 1.12 (0.89–1.40)
15 0.82 (0.67–0.99) * 0.84 (0.68–1.03) 1.25 (0.97–1.61)
Hunger
Never 1.00 1.00 1.00
Rarely 1.21 (1.03–1.41) * 1.10 (0.93–1.30) 1.06 (0.85–1.31)
Sometimes/mostly/always 1.58 (1.34–1.86) *** 1.27 (1.05–1.54) * 1.15 (0.97–1.37)
Country income
Upper middle income 1.00 1.00 1.00
Low income/Lower middle income 1.70 (1.45–1.98) *** 1.82 (1.54–2.15) *** 0.94 (0.76–1.16)
Health risk status and behaviour
BMI weight status
Normal weight/Underweight 1.00 1.00
Overweight or obese 0.99 (0.801.22) 0.86 (0.68–1.10)
Walk/bike to school in the past 7 days
0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1–6 0.83 (0.69–0.99) * 0.78 (0.65–0.95) * 0.72 (0.59–0.87) *** 0.71 (0.59–0.86) ***
7 0.63 (0.5–0.75) *** 0.65 (0.53–0.79) *** 0.53 (0.43–0.64) *** 0.55 (0.44–0.67) ***
Attendance of physical education 1
0 days/week 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1 day/week 0.25 (0.1–0.37) *** 0.32 (0.20–0.50) *** 0.44 (0.31–0.64) *** 0.54 (0.38–0.79) ***
2 or more days/week 0.19 (0.1–0.29) *** 0.28 (0.17–0.45) *** 0.33 (0.22–0.49) *** 0.48 (0.31–0.75) ***
Sitting (≥3 h/day) 0.67 (0.5–0.79) *** 0.70 (0.60–0.82) *** 0.87 (0.74–1.01)
Fruits (<2 servings) (base = 2 or more servings) 1.38 (1.1–1.59) *** 1.16 (0.97–1.40) 1.16 (0.98–1.37)
Vegetables (<3 servings) (base = 3 or more servings) 1.45 (1.2–1.68) *** 1.23 (1.01–1.49) * 1.29 (1.09–1.53) ** 1.21 (1.02–1.43) *
Bullied 1.20 (1.0–1.43) * 1.03 (0.87–1.22) 1.09 (0.94–1.26)
Current tobacco use (base = no) 1.12 (0.9–1.37) 1.23 (0.84–1.83)
Current alcohol use (base = no) 0.97 (0.7–1.21) 1.11 (0.75–1.62)
Poor mental health
No close friends (base = yes) 0.95 (0.6–1.35) 1.31(0.85–2.01)
Loneliness (base = no) 0.78 (0.6–0.99) * 0.69 (0.52–0.92) ** 1.19 (0.89–1.59)
Suicidal ideation (base = no) 1.10 (0.8–1.42) 1.38 (1.06–1.80) * 1.20 (0.90–1.59)
Protective factors
School attendance (past 30 days) 0.71 (0.6–0.84) *** 0.84 (0.71–1.00) 0.80 (0.64–0.99) * 0.92 (0.74–1.64)
Peer support in school (mostly/always) 0.51 (0.4–0.58) *** 0.63 (0.53–0.76) *** 0.58 (0.49–0.69) *** 0.70 (0.59–0.82) ***
Parental/guardian supervision (mostly or always) 0.62 (0.5–0.72) *** 0.82 (0.7–0.96) * 0.58 (0.49–0.68) *** 0.75 (0.64–0.89) ***
Parental/guardian connectivity (mostly/always) 0.68 (0.6–0.77) *** 0.90 0.7–1.05) 0.59 (0.50–0.70) *** 0.75 (0.63–0.90) **
Parental/guardian bonding (mostly/always) 0.60 (0.5–0.69) *** 0.76 (0.6–0.89) *** 0.67 (0.56–0.81) *** 0.94 (0.78–1.13)

1 Analysis for Cambodia, Malaysia, Philippines and Vietnam only (excluding Indonesia, Myanmar and Thailand) *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; UOR = Unadjusted Odds Ratio; AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval.