Path model results (standardized beta coefficients) linking grandmothers’ familism values, grandmother-adolescent mother support and communication, adolescent mothers’ parenting self-efficacy, and children’s social competence and academic functioning (N = 180). Model fit: η2 (89) 113.30, p = .04, CFI = .91, RMSEA = .04, SRMR = .07; * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001. W1 = Wave 1; W2 = Wave 2; W3 = Wave 3; W5 = Wave 5; W6 = Wave 6; WJ = Woodcock Johnson; PC = Passage comprehension; PV = Picture vocabulary; LW = Letter-word; AP = Applied problems. Grandmothers’ country of origin coded (0 = foreign-born, 1 = U.S.-born).