Table 2.
Association between use of incretin based drugs and incidence of pancreatic cancer. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Exposure† | Cases (n=1221) | Controls (n=22 298) | Crude hazard ratio | Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) | I2 (%) |
| Primary analysis: | |||||
| Sulfonylureas | 439 (36.0) | 5851 (26.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.0 |
| Incretin based drugs | 200 (16.4) | 2800 (12.6) | 1.01 | 1.02 (0.84 to 1.23) | |
| Class of incretin based drug: | |||||
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 183 (15.0) | 2543 (11.4) | 1.02 | 1.02 (0.84 to 1.24) | 0.0 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists | 17 (1.4) | 257 (1.2) | 1.11 | 1.13 (0.38 to 3.38) | 72.0 |
| Cumulative duration of use (years): | |||||
| <1 | 80 (6.6) | 1012 (4.5) | 1.52 | 1.53 (0.93 to 2.51) | 61.5 |
| 1-1.9 | 86 (7.0) | 1183 (5.3) | 1.05 | 1.07 (0.82 to 1.39) | 0.0 |
| ≥2 | 34 (2.8) | 605 (2.7) | 0.64 | 0.62 (0.36 to 1.07) | 34.9 |
| Time since initiation (years): | |||||
| 1-1.9 | 149 (12.2) | 2126 (9.5) | 1.05 | 1.06 (0.86 to 1.31) | 0.0 |
| ≥2 | 51 (4.2) | 674 (3.0) | 0.96 | 0.93 (0.60 to 1.45) | 27.3 |
DPP-4=dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1=glucagon-like peptide-1.
*Cases and controls matched on sex, age, year of entry to study cohort, duration of treated diabetes, and duration of follow-up.
†Table displays 639 cases and 8651 controls exposed to sulfonylureas and incretin based drugs. Users of other antidiabetic drugs (corresponding to 582 cases and 13 647 controls) are not displayed, but were considered in the regression model for proper estimation of treatment effects.
‡Adjusted for alcohol related disorders, history of acute or chronic pancreatitis, microvascular complications of diabetes (neuropathy, renal disease, retinopathy, and peripheral arteriopathy), number of hospital admissions (0, 1, 2, 3, ≥4), number of unique non-diabetic drugs in previous year (0, 1, 2, 3, ≥4), number of antidiabetic drugs received before entry to study cohort (0, 1, 2, 3, ≥4), ever use of statins. In the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, models were further adjusted for body mass index, smoking status, and glycated haemoglobin A1c level (≤7.0% (53 mmol/mol), 7.1-8.0% (54-64 mmol/mol), >8.0% (64 mmol/mol)).
§Analysis limited to UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink and the US MarketScan, two sites where GLP-1 receptor agonists were available during the study period.