Table 2.
CD38, Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR, and PD-1 Expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T-Cells and Association With Tuberculosis-Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Among Patients With Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Tuberculosis Coinfection Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy
| Cellular Immune Activation | Control | TB-IRIS | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | |||
| CD4+ CD38+/DR+ | 13.6 (9.67–21); 75 | 15.2 (9.0–22.7); 22 | .79 |
| CD4+ CD38−/DR+ | 6.7 (3.1–10.7); 75 | 3.2 (1.3–10); 22 | .07 |
| CD4+ CD38+/DR− | 42.6 (28.3–51.2); 75 | 39.4 (29.2–51.6); 22 | .79 |
| CD8+ CD38+/DR+ | 23.1 (15.2–32.8); 75 | 24.1 (13.1–32.5); 23 | .67 |
| CD8+ CD38−/DR+ | 2.0 (0.45–6.4); 75 | 0.77 (0.09–4.3); 23 | .17 |
| CD8+ CD38+/DR− | 50.3 (36.1–64.8); 75 | 54.1 (39.5–66.8); 23 | .40 |
| CD4+ PD-1+ | 34.3 (24.9–51.5); 64 | 36.8 (15.9–45.8); 18 | .69 |
| CD8+ PD-1+ | 30.2 (19.6–38.7); 64 | 32.3 (22.3–39.5); 18 | .74 |
| Change from baseline | |||
| CD4+ CD38+/DR+ | −0.1 (−4.9 to 4.4); 64 | 3.5 (−2.3 to 12.8); 15 | .11 |
| CD4+ CD38−/DR+ | 5.1 (1.4–10); 64 | 3.6 (1.6–10); 15 | .93 |
| CD4+ CD38+/DR− | −9.6 (−15.8 to −4.2); 64 | −10.5 (−16.7 to −4.4); 15 | .88 |
| CD8+ CD38+/DR+ | −0.8 (−5.7 to 4.4); 65 | −2.2 (−9.8 to 5.6); 16 | .79 |
| CD8+ CD38−/DR+ | 1.3 (0.26–3.3); 65 | 0.17 (−0.11 to 3.1); 16 | .11 |
| CD8+ CD38+/DR− | −6.8 (−11.6 to −3.1); 65 | −2.1 (−9.2 to 0.64); 16 | .12 |
| CD4+ PD-1+ | 0.6 (−4.0 to 3.5); 54 | 3.2 (−2.3 to 10.3); 14 | .09 |
| CD8+ PD-1+ | −2.2 (−5.2 to 0.70); 54 | −1.8 (−6.6 to 4.7); 14 | .72 |
| Week 4 post-ART | |||
| CD4+ CD38+/DR+ | 17.2 (9.2–26.4); 88 | 18.6 (11.4–29.2); 23 | .58 |
| CD4+ CD38−/DR+ | 11.4 (7.7–20.5); 88 | 11.1 (3.1–23); 23 | .32 |
| CD4+ CD38+/DR− | 29.6 (20–41); 88 | 27.1(19.6–44.3); 23 | .90 |
| CD8+ CD38+/DR+ | 24.6 (17.8–36.9); 89 | 19.6 (15.1–38.4); 23 | .58 |
| CD8+ CD38−/DR+ | 3.5 (1.2–7.0); 89 | 2.7 (0.52–6.6); 23 | .30 |
| CD8+ CD38+/DR− | 43.6 (31.3–54.6); 89 | 42.7 (24.7–62); 23 | .98 |
| CD4+ PD-1+ | 34.1 (19.6–45.9); 81 | 36.5 (22.3–51.9); 20 | .43 |
| CD8+ PD-1+ | 25.1 (14.6–32.1); 81 | 24.7 (19.9–37.7); 20 | .34 |
Data are presented as median (interquartile range) and No.: median frequency of CD38 and/or HLA-DR and PD-1–expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells pre-ART (baseline), change from baseline, and at week 4 post–ART initiation; and number of controls and tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) patients assessed at each time point and those who had paired data to determine change from baseline. P values shown are comparing controls to TB-IRIS patients by Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; HLA-DR, human leukocyte antigen-DR.