Table 3.

Complex exposures and neurological outcomes

Exposure	Source of exposure	Susceptibility window	Neurological outcomes	Proposed mechanisms
Coal/charcoal burning99,100	Charcoal/coal combustion, gas grilling, wood smoke, or coal mine dust or ash	Lifelong	Neurological signs of exposure to arsenic	Oxidative stress
Car emissions101,102	Contaminated air	Lifelong	Learning disability and motor impairment	Oxidative stress or neurotransmitter disruption
Fine and ultrafine particulate matters103	Air pollution from car or construction equipment exhausts, wood burning, heating oil or coal, forest fires, volcanic eruptions, tobacco smoke and cooking	Lifelong	Behavioural and decreased IQ, impaired fluid cognition, memory and executive functions, and possibly autism	Oxidative stress, neurotransmission disruption or neuroinflammation