Figure 1.

Chemical structures of ginseng saponins in American ginseng. Rg3, F2, and CK are gut microbiome metabolites of PPD group saponins.

Group	Saponin	R1	R2	R3	R4
PPT	Rg1	H	O-glc	O-glc	CH3
	Re	H	O-glc2 → 1rha	O-glc	CH3
	Rh1	H	O-glc	OH	CH3
	20S-Rg2	H	O-glc2 → 1rha	OH	CH3
	20R-Rg2	H	O-glc2 → 1rha	CH3	OH
PPD	Rb1	glc2 → 1glc	H	O-glc6 → 1glc	CH3
	Rc	glc2 → 1glc	H	O-glc6 → 1araf	CH3
	Rb2	glc2 → 1glc	H	O-glc6 → 1arap	CH3
	Rb3	glc2 → 1glc	H	O-glc6 → 1xyl	CH3
	Rd	glc2 → 1glc	H	O-glc	CH3
	Rg3	glc2 → 1glc	H	OH	CH3
	F2	glc	H	O-glc	CH3
	CK	H	H	O-glc	CH3