Fig 4. Learned response to a novel olfactory stimulus (a) and a visual stimulus (b).

(a) Light gray bars indicate responses to a novel olfactory stimulus (vanillin odor). (b) Blue bars indicate the responses to a novel visual stimulus (blue light). (a, b) White bars indicate responses to the blank control. Asterisks (*) within bars indicate statistically significant differences within groups selecting arm A or arm B, while asterisks (*) outside bars indicate differences between naïve and experienced insects (χ² test, *: < 0.05, **: < 0.01, ***: <0.001).