. 2016 Mar 1;11(3):e0149886. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149886

Table 3. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model for 5-year overall survival.

(N = 634 [216 events, 418 censored]).

	Univariate models			Multivariate models
Parameter	Hazard ratio	95% CI	p value	Hazard ratio	95% CI	p value
Low income^a	1.70	1.28–2.26	< .001^*	1. 48	1.09–2.01	.013^*
High school education or less	1.72	1.31–2.26	< .001^*	1. 41	1.05–1.88	.022^*
Ethnicity/Race (vs white)
Black	1.77	1.14–2.76	.011^*	1. 33	0.81–2.17	.262
Hispanic, other (Native American)	1.01	0.47–2.14	.985	0. 92	0.42–2.03	.836
Age (in decades)	1.37	1.21–1.55	< .001^*	1. 43	1.23–1.67	< .001^*
Female sex	0.78	0.55–1.10	.159	0. 74	0.51–1.09	.132
Married	0.79	0.61–1.04	.090	1.05	0.79–1.41	.734
Smoking status^b (vs never)
Current smoker	3.52	2.10–5.90	< .001^*	2.60	1.47–4.61	.001^*
Former smoker	2.39	1.46–3.92	< .001^*	1.94	1.15–3.26	.013^*
Problem drinking^c	1.51	1.14–2.02	.005^*	1.15	0.82–1.60	.412
Body mass index	0.95	0.93–0.98	< .001^*	0.97	0.95–1.00	.053
Depression^d	1.26	0.97–1.66	.088	1.14	0.86–1.51	.356
Cancer site (vs Other)
Oral Cavity	0.93	0.62–1.41	.738	1.39	0.86–2.24	.179
Oropharynx	0.66	0.45–0.98	.037^*	0.84	0.56–1.26	.402
Larynx	0.79	0.52–1.20	.264	0.85	0.54–1.34	.481
Stage (vs Stage I)
Stage II	2.48	1.17–5.26	.018^*	3.86	1.73–8.61	.001^*
Stage III	2.42	1.19–4.94	.015^*	3.98	1.82–8.71	.001^*
Stage IV	2.90	1.53–5.49	.001^*	4.54	2.20–9.39	< .001^*
ACE-27 comorbidity (vs None)
Mild	1.35	0.93–1.97	.113	1.14	0.77–1.68	.524
Moderate	2.11	1.43–3.11	< .001^*	1.59	1.04–2.44	.031^*
Severe	3.09	1.98–4.82	< .001^*	2.09	1.30–3.36	.002^*
Surgery	0.82	0.62–1.07	.135	0.79	0.58–1.09	.158
Radiation treatment	1.25	0.80–1.94	.322	0.74	0.43–1.28	.282
Chemotherapy treatment	1.33	1.98–1.81	.064	1.33	0.90–1.98	.152

^a Lowest quartile of income <$35,000.

^b Includes cigarettes, cigars, and pipe tobacco.

^c Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) ≥8.

^d Geriatric Depressive Scale Short Form ≥4.

*p < .05.