Table 2.
Characteristics of a remote Indigenous Australian community over 15 years old stratified by HbA1c categories.
| Without a prior diabetes diagnosis | With a prior diagnosis of diabetes | p value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <5.7% | 5.7–5.9% | 6.0–6.4% | ≥6.5% | 4.9–15.6% | ||
| n (%) | 420 | 347 | 195 | 67 | 158 | |
| Age | 27 (21–34) | 31 (23–39) | 39 (29–47) | 39 (32–53) | 48 (40–55) | <0.001 |
| Men, % | 64 | 59 | 48 | 42 | 34 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.5 (5.3–5.6) | 5.8 (5.7–5.9) | 6.1 (6.0–6.2) | 6.9 (6.7–7.8) | 8.0 (6.6–9.8) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 115 (105–125) | 118 (107–128) | 120 (109–132) | 123 (112–133) | 123 (112–141) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.6 (3.9–5.2) | 4.7 (4.1–5.4) | 4.7 (4.0–5.5) | 4.9 (4.1–5.9) | 4.7 (4.0–5.4) | 0.569 |
| HDL chol, mmol/L | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | <0.001 |
| LDL chol, mmol/L | 2.5 (2.0–3.1) | 2.6 (2.1–3.2) | 2.6 (2.0–3.2) | 2.5 (1.8–3.2) | 2.2 (1.8–3.0) | 0.213 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 20.5 (18.6–24.8) | 21.2 (19.0–25.0) | 24.2 (21.2–28.6) | 27.1 (23.0–31.7) | 27.5 (23.0–31.7) | <0.001 |
| Waist, cm | 81 (73–90) | 83 (74.4–93) | 93 (83–102) | 99 (92–109) | 102 (93–111.3) | <0.001 |
| ACR, g/molb | 1.37 (0.8–5.0) | 1.74 (0.8–6.3) | 4.50 (1.5–17.7) | 11.68 (2.3–48.3) | 31.29 (5.8–101.9) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/Lb | 1.2 (0.9–1.8) | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 1.7 (1.3–2.5) | 2.8 (2.0–4.0) | 2.5 (1.7–3.3) | <0.001 |
| CRP, mg/Lb | 4 (2–7) | 5 (2–9) | 7 (4–13) | 10 (5–17) | 10 (6–16) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 b | 114.2 (102–124) | 112.5 (100–122) | 104.8 (91–118) | 105.5 (92–117) | 94.3 (82–109) | 0.900 |
| Current smoker, % | 74 | 74 | 70 | 70 | 64 | 0.140 |
| Microalbuminuria, %c | 23 | 27 | 38 | 40 | 34 | <0.0001 |
| Macroalbuminuria, %d | 6 | 7 | 19 | 27 | 47 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension, %e | 15 | 20 | 34 | 40 | 67 | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidaemia, %f | 30 | 37 | 57 | 69 | 80 | <0.0001 |
| Number of clinic visits in the previous 12 months | ||||||
| High (>15)a | 10.2 (43) | 14.4 (50) | 21.5 (42) | 20.9 (14) | 34.8 (55) | <0.0001 |
| Moderate (5–15)a | 35.7 (150) | 34.5 (130) | 41.5 (81) | 52.2 (35) | 42.4 (67) | <0.0001 |
| Low (<5)a | 54.0 (227) | 48.1 (167) | 36.9 (72) | 26.9 (18) | 22.8 (36) | <0.0001 |
| CVD historya | 2.9 (12) | 2.6 (9) | 8.2 (16) | 9.0 (6) | 12.0 (19) | <0.0001 |
Median (25th–75th percentiles) unless otherwise stated. SBP, systolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; BMI, body mass index; ACR, albumin/creatinine ratio; CRP, C-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
a% (n).
bGeometric mean (95% CI).
cACR 3.4–33 g/mol.
dACR ≥ 34 g/mol.
eDyslipidaemia was defined by a previous diagnosis of high cholesterol, taking cholesterol management medication, or having total cholesterol ≥ 5.5 mmol/L or HDL < 1.0 mmol/L.
fHypertension was defined if the participant had a previous diagnosis of hypertension in their health records, was taking antihypertensive medication, or had elevated levels in the baseline examination (≥140 mmHg systolic, ≥90 mmHg diastolic).