Table 3.
Odds ratios (OR) of comorbidities for participants with and without a prior diabetes diagnosis stratified by HbA1c% categories.
| n | Without a prior diabetes diagnosis | With a prior diagnosis of diabetes | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <5.7 | 5.7–5.9 | 6.0–6.4 | ≥6.5 | 4.9–15.6 | ||||||
| OR | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
| Microalbuminuriad | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 989 | 1 | 1.31 | (0.94–1.82) | 2.65 | (1.80–3.91) | 4.28 | (2.28–8.03) | 5.81 | (3.48–9.68) |
| Age and sex adjusted | 989 | 1 | 1.10 | (0.78–1.55) | 1.73 | (1.14–2.62) | 2.28 | (1.16–4.47) | 2.22 | (1.25–3.95) |
| Final modela | 981 | 1 | 1.06 | (0.75–1.51) | 1.53 | (0.99–2.34) | 1.89 | (0.94–3.80) | 1.76 | (0.95–3.26) |
| Macroalbuminuriad | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 823 | 1 | 1.23 | (0.70–2.19) | 4.76 | (2.74–8.28) | 10.25 | (4.81–21.81) | 28.58 | (15.89–51.41) |
| Age and sex adjusted | 823 | 1 | 0.91 | (0.50–1.65) | 2.81 | (1.55–5.09) | 5.07 | (2.25–11.41) | 10.27 | (5.30–19.93) |
| Final modela | 814 | 1 | 1.01 | (0.53–1.90) | 1.97 | (1.02–3.83) | 3.14 | (1.26–7.82) | 6.05 | (2.86–12.77) |
| Hypertensione | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 1187 | 1 | 1.43 | (0.98–2.08) | 2.97 | (1.99–4.42) | 3.83 | (2.19–6.68) | 11.55 | (7.54–17.69) |
| Age and sex adjusted | 1187 | 1 | 1.14 | (0.76–1.71) | 1.79 | (1.14–2.81) | 1.82 | (0.96–3.45) | 4.84 | (2.92–8.03) |
| Final modelb | 1159 | 1 | 1.12 | (0.73–1.71) | 1.34 | (0.82–2.17) | 0.97 | (0.48–1.95) | 2.86 | (1.66–4.95) |
| Dyslipidaemiaf | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 1187 | 1 | 1.36 | (1.01–1.84) | 3.08 | (2.17–4.38) | 5.11 | (2.93–8.92) | 9.19 | (5.91–14.27) |
| Age and sex adjusted | 1187 | 1 | 1.22 | (0.90–1.67) | 2.38 | (1.64–3.46) | 3.51 | (1.95–6.30) | 5.27 | (3.23–8.58) |
| Final modelc | 1183 | 1 | 1.21 | (0.88–1.66) | 1.97 | (1.34–2.90) | 2.37 | (1.29–4.34) | 3.34 | (1.99–5.60) |
| Number of clinic visits in the previous 12 months | ||||||||||
| High (>15)g | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 717 | 1 | 1.58 | (1.00–2.48) | 3.10 | (1.87–5.11) | 4.07 | (1.88–8.80) | 8.72 | (5.08–14.98) |
| Age and sex adjusted | 717 | 1 | 1.35 | (0.84–2.17) | 1.94 | (1.12–3.35) | 1.94 | (0.84–4.48) | 3.48 | (1.86–6.49) |
| Final modela | 705 | 1 | 1.52 | (0.94–2.46) | 1.83 | (1.04–3.24) | 2.25 | (0.91–5.59) | 2.47 | (1.25–4.88) |
| Moderate (5–15)g | ||||||||||
| Unadjusted | 976 | 1 | 1.17 | (0.86–1.60) | 1.71 | (1.17–2.50) | 2.92 | (1.59–5.34) | 3.05 | (1.91–4.85) |
| Age and sex adjusted | 976 | 1 | 1.10 | (0.80–1.50) | 1.42 | (0.96–2.12) | 2.10 | (1.11–3.95) | 1.95 | (1.16–3.30) |
| Final modela | 965 | 1 | 1.13 | (0.82–1.55) | 1.42 | (0.95–2.13) | 2.52 | (1.26–4.99) | 1.96 | (1.12–3.41) |
OR, odds ratio.
aAge, sex, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, current smoking status, and hypertensive medication were included in the final model.
bAge, sex, waist circumference, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and current smoking status were included in the final model.
cAge, sex, systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, current smoking status, and hypertensive medication were included in the final model.
dCompared with participants with normal ACR levels (<3.4).
eHypertension was defined if the participant had a previous diagnosis of hypertension in their health records, was taking antihypertensive medication, or had elevated levels in the baseline examination (≥140 mmHg systolic, ≥90 mmHg diastolic).
fDyslipidaemia was defined by a previous diagnosis of high cholesterol, taking high cholesterol management medication, or having total cholesterol ≥ 5.5 mmol/L or HDL < 1.0 mmol/L.
gCompared with participants with low number of clinic visits in the previous 12 months (<5).