Table 3.
Univariate analyses of covariance comparing group 1 and group 2 on primary and secondary outcome measures during first 10 weeks.
| Measuresa | Group 1 (n=88) | Group 2 (n=82) | ANCOVA | ||||||
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Least square mean (SE) | 95% CI | Least square mean (SE) | 95% CI | F 1,163 b | P | Cohen’s d | ||
| Parent-reported |
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Primary outcomes |
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Time management | 10.66 (1.64) | 7.42, 13.89 | 4.68 (1.72) | 1.29, 8.07 | 8.56 | .004c | 0.39 |
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BRIEF (subscale Plan/Organize) | 1.47 (0.36) | 0.75, 2.18 | 0.64 (0.38) | –0.11, 1.39 | 3.32 | .07c | 0.35 |
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SSRS (subscale Cooperation) | 1.10 (0.34) | 0.43, 1.78 | 0.46 (0.36) | –0.25, 1.16 | 2.32 | .13c | 0.16 |
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Secondary outcomes |
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It’s about time | 2.74 (0.73) | 1.30, 4.17 | 1.18 (0.76) | –0.32, 2.68 | 2.98 | .09 | 0.20 |
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BRIEF (subscale Working Memory) | 0.75 (0.32) | 0.11, 1.38 | –0.17 (0.33) | –0.83, 0.49 | 5.16 | .02 | 0.51 |
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SSRS (Total) | 2.24 (0.81) | 0.64, 3.83 | 0.58 (0.85) | –1.09, 2.26 | 2.68 | .10 | 0.05 |
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SSRS (subscale Assertiveness) | 0.32 (0.27) | –0.22, 0.85 | –0.06 (0.28) | –0.62, 0.49 | 1.28 | .26 | 0.04 |
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SSRS (subscale Responsibility) | 0.75 (0.25) | 0.27, 1.23 | 0.11 (0.26) | –0.39, 0.62 | 4.28 | .04 | 0.04 |
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SSRS (subscale Self-Control) | 0.24 (0.29) | –0.34, 0.81 | 0.22 (0.31) | –0.38, 0.83 | 0 | .97 | 0.07 |
| Teacher-reported |
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Time management | 5.30 (1.32) | 2.70, 7.90 | –0.16 (1.38) | –2.88, 2.56 | 11.05 | .001 | 0.41 | |
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BRIEF (subscale Plan/Organize) | 0.78 (0.34) | 0.11, 1.44 | 0.14 (0.35) | –0.55, 0.84 | 2.30 | .13 | 0.18 | |
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BRIEF (subscale Working Memory) | 1.32 (0.34) | 0.65, 2.00 | 0.50 (0.36) | –0.20, 1.20 | 3.79 | .05 | 0.22 | |
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SSRS (Total) | 2.95 (0.67) | 1.64, 4.27 | 2.36 (0.70) | 0.98, 3.74 | 0.51 | .48 | 0 | |
| Self-reported |
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Self-efficacy | 3.06 (2.42) | –0.73, 7.84 | –2.13 (2.55) | –7.16, 2.90 | 2.95 | .09 | 0.26 | |
a BRIEF: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; SSRS: Social Skills Rating Scale.
b Pillai’s Trace.
c Adjusted P values are .01, .14, and .13 for parent-reported time management, BRIEF (subscale Plan/Organize), and SSRS (subscale Cooperation), respectively.