Table 1.
Baseline characteristics associated with the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers before and after propensity score matching
| Characteristic | Before PS match |
After PS match |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACEIs alone (n = 5,951) | ARBs alone (n = 830) | p value | ACEIs alone (n = 2,860) | ARBs alone (n = 715) | p value | |
| Demographic | ||||||
| Age, yr | 64.5 ± 12.6 | 66.2 ± 12.3 | < 0.001 | 65.7 ± 12.3 | 65.8 ± 12.3 | 0.855 |
| Male sex | 4,357 (73.2) | 543 (65.4) | < 0.001 | 1,951 (68.2) | 488 (68.3) | 0.986 |
| Height, cm | 163.9 ± 8.7 | 162.7 ± 9.3 | 0.001 | 163.0 ± 8.8 | 163.0 ± 9.2 | 0.948 |
| Weight, kg | 64.7 ± 11.4 | 63.6 ± 11.4 | 0.008 | 63.9 ± 11.5 | 63.8 ± 11.3 | 0.933 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.0 ± 3.3 | 23.9 ± 3.1 | 0.383 | 23.9 ± 3.2 | 23.9 ± 3.1 | 0.979 |
| Initial presentation | ||||||
| Pre-hospital resuscitation | 96 (1.6) | 15 (1.8) | 0.680 | 48 (1.7) | 14 (2.0) | 0.607 |
| Typical chest pain | 4,976 (85.0) | 664 (81.2) | 0.005 | 2,332 (82.8) | 588 (83.2) | 0.822 |
| Dyspnea | 1,344 (23.7) | 225 (28.1) | 0.006 | 695 (25.4) | 183 (26.5) | 0.547 |
| Pre-infarction angina pectoris | 2,540 (43.3) | 395 (47.7) | 0.017 | 1,296 (45.8) | 329 (46.1) | 0.880 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 129.8 ± 28.1 | 130.8 ± 29.9 | 0.355 | 130.9 ± 29.0 | 131.0 ± 29.4 | 0.932 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 77.3 ± 19.3 | 79.1 ± 20.5 | 0.016 | 78.1 ± 19.5 | 78.5 ± 19.8 | 0.639 |
| Killip class > 1 | 1,265 (22.2) | 251 (30.9) | < 0.001 | 722 (26.2) | 202 (29.0) | 0.132 |
| ECG on admission | ||||||
| ST elevation myocardial infarction | 3,700 (62.2) | 485 (58.4) | 0.038 | 1,750 (61.2) | 435 (60.8) | 0.864 |
| Anterior myocardial infarction | 2,642 (46.8) | 383 (48.2) | 0.462 | 1,326 (48.4) | 328 (47.9) | 0.817 |
| Inferior myocardial infarction | 2,043 (36.2) | 299 (37.6) | 0.432 | 1,009 (36.8) | 255 (37.2) | 0.840 |
| Heart rhythm on admission | ||||||
| Sinus rhythm | 5,270 (91.6) | 737 (90.4) | 0.275 | 2,557 (91.7) | 634 (90.6) | 0.318 |
| Atrial flutter/fibrillation | 223 (3.9) | 46 (5.6) | 0.017 | 128 (4.6) | 37 (5.3) | 0.440 |
| Ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation | 28 (0.5) | 3 (0.4) | 0.644 | 11 (0.4) | 3 (0.4) | 0.899 |
| Past history | ||||||
| Previous coronary heart disease | 660 (11.1) | 104 (12.6) | 0.229 | 330 (11.6) | 85 (11.9) | 0.803 |
| Hypertensiona | 2,587 (44.0) | 447 (54.4) | < 0.001 | 1,481 (52.3) | 366 (51.8) | 0.795 |
| Diabetes mellitusb | 1,495 (25.5) | 256 (31.3) | < 0.001 | 801 (28.4) | 206 (29.3) | 0.626 |
| Hyperlipidemiac | 536 (10.2) | 71 (9.8) | 0.728 | 233 (9.2) | 60 (9.6) | 0.763 |
| Current smoking | 2,792 (47.3) | 316 (38.3) | < 0.001 | 1,152 (40.6) | 292 (41.1) | 0.801 |
| Previous congestive heart failure | 77 (1.3) | 18 (2.2) | 0.045 | 40 (1.4) | 13 (1.8) | 0.406 |
| Previous cerebrovascular disease | 358 (6.0) | 52 (6.3) | 0.778 | 173 (6.0) | 47 (6.6) | 0.602 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction | 52.0 ± 13.0 | 50.9 ± 13.4 | 0.023 | 51.3 ± 12.6 | 51.1 ± 13.1 | 0.754 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||||
| Glucose, mg/dL | 167.0 ± 76.4 | 174.2 ± 87.4 | 0.026 | 170.2 ± 80.5 | 172.6 ± 80.8 | 0.489 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.09 ± 0.94 | 1.34 ± 1.83 | < 0.001 | 1.11 ± 0.91 | 1.18 ± 1.13 | 0.142 |
| CK-MB, ng/mL | 142.6 ± 241.4 | 122.6 ± 179.1 | 0.004 | 129.3 ± 169.4 | 129.1 ± 186.0 | 0.976 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 185.0 ± 44.0 | 186.3 ± 47.9 | 0.451 | 187.3 ± 45.4 | 186.3 ± 45.3 | 0.608 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 129.2 ± 109.0 | 129.6 ± 82.4 | 0.929 | 133.0 ± 128.0 | 129.1 ± 80.4 | 0.448 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 45.6 ± 20.9 | 44.8 ± 22.0 | 0.381 | 45.2 ± 14.1 | 45.2 ± 23.1 | 0.962 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 119.4 ± 40.2 | 119.9 ± 43.4 | 0.726 | 120.5 ± 41.1 | 120.4 ± 43.4 | 0.952 |
| PCI at index hospitalization | 5,090 (85.5) | 711 (85.7) | 0.920 | 2,474 (86.5) | 617 (86.3) | 0.883 |
| CABG at index hospitalization | 84 (1.4) | 14 (1.7) | 0.518 | 44 (1.5) | 10 (1.4) | 0.775 |
| In-hospital complication | ||||||
| Cardiogenic shock | 379 (6.4) | 51 (6.1) | 0.804 | 168 (5.9) | 42 (5.9) | 1.000 |
| New atrial flutter/fibrillation | 43 (0.7) | 14 (1.7) | 0.004 | 28 (1.0) | 6 (0.8) | 0.730 |
| Ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation during hospitalization | 235 (3.9) | 16 (1.9) | 0.004 | 63 (2.2) | 16 (2.2) | 0.955 |
| Heart failure | 1,059 (17.8) | 170 (20.5) | 0.060 | 555 (19.4) | 140 (19.6) | 0.916 |
| Acute renal failure | 30 (0.5) | 4 (0.5) | 0.932 | 12 (0.4) | 3 (0.4) | 1.000 |
| Cerebrovascular accidents | 46 (0.8) | 4 (0.5) | 0.359 | 14 (0.5) | 4 (0.6) | 0.813 |
| Major bleeding | 14 (0.2) | 4 (0.5) | 0.196 | 10 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 0.772 |
| Management of in-hospital complication | ||||||
| In-hospital resuscitation | 160 (2.7) | 17 (2.0) | 0.278 | 58 (2.0) | 14 (2.0) | 0.905 |
| Defibrillation/cardioversion | 164 (2.8) | 11 (1.3) | 0.015 | 44 (1.5) | 11 (1.5) | 1.000 |
| Mechanical ventilator | 217 (3.6) | 27 (3.3) | 0.569 | 86 (3.0) | 22 (3.1) | 0.922 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD or number (%).
PS, propensity score; ACEIs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers; ECG, electrocardiogram; CK-MB, creatine kinase-MB; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting.
a
Defined as previously diagnosed by a physician, receiving medication to lower blood pressure.
b
Defined as previously diagnosed by a physician, receiving medication to lower blood glucose.
c
Defined as previously diagnosed by a physician, receiving lipid lowering drugs.