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. 2016 Feb 22;8(2):53. doi: 10.3390/toxins8020053

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© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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HA induced a significant hyperpolarization direction shift in inactivation-gating properties in cockroach sodium channels BgNav1-1a. (A) recording traces before and after the application of 10⁻⁵ M of HA; (B) I-V curve of cockroach sodium channels BgNav1-1a before and after the application of 10⁻⁵ M of HA; (C) and (D) the voltage dependence of activation (C) and inactivation (D) before and after the application of 10⁻⁵ M of HA. The activation and inactivation curves were fitted with two-state Boltzmann equations. The number of oocytes was 5–8; (E) and (F) I-V curve of Drosophila sodium channels DmNa_v22 (E) and mosquito sodium channels AaNa_v1-1 (F) before and after the application of 10⁻⁵ M of HA.