Fig. 2.

Extended E₂ pretreatment and E₂ treatment postinfection inhibits infectious virus production in hNECs from female donors. hNEC cultures from females were pretreated with E₂ (10 nM) for 72 h before IAV infection (A) or treated with E₂ (10 nM) 24 h after infection with IAV (B) (MOI = 0.1 TCID₅₀/cell). Supernatants were collected every 24 hpi and virus titers were analyzed by TCID₅₀ assay. The limit of detection is indicated by a dotted line. The data represent means ± SE. *P < 0.05, E₂-treated cultures were significantly different from vehicle controls based on a MANOVA followed by planned comparisons, with n = 12 hNEC wells per treatment group.