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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2016 Mar;11(2):226–233. doi: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000243

Table 1.

Research measures used to assess CNS immune activation in HIV infection.

Cerebrospinal fluid: Neuroimaging:
Soluble biomarkers:

  • Neopterin

  • Beta-2 microglobulin

  • Interleukin-6

  • Tumor necrosis factor alpha

  • CCL2/MCP-1

  • CXCL10/IP-10

  • Soluble CD14 (sCD14)

  • Soluble CD163 (sCD163)

Cellular biomarkers:

  • CSF total white blood cell count

  • % CD8+ T lymphocytes

  • % CD4+ T lymphocytes

  • % HLADR+CD38+ T lymphocytes

  • % CD14+ monocytes

  • % CD14+16+ monocytes

Protein/immunoglobulins:

  • Total protein

  • Albumin (comparing to serum albumin, for CSF:serum albumin ratio)

  • Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS):

  • Choline (Cho) metabolites

  • Myoinositol (mI) metabolites

  • Glutamate (Glu) metabolites

Positron emission tomography (PET):

  • 11C-PK11195 (microglial activation)

  • 11C-DPA713 (microglial activation)