Fig. 7.

(a) Typical fabricated nanofluidic chip via thermomechanical deformation of a thermoplastic, in this case PC. (b) Far-field and (c) high magnification electron micrographs showing a single nanochannel with a circular cross section of 700 nm in diameter. PC pre-forms, consisting of microchannels, were placed between two Ni–Cr resistive radiant heaters and heated above the T_g of the polymer; linear motors were used to pull the microchannel to the desired nm diameter. This technique could be used to form nanochannels with diameters up to 400 nm. Reprinted with permission from Sivanesan et al. (2005).²⁰⁴