Table 1. Acute and long-term psychosocial effects of an Ebola epidemic at individual, community and international levels.

Level	Acute effects	Long-term effects
Individual	Fear and/or anxiety (e.g. of infection, death, separation from or loss of loved ones) Shame and/or guilt Frustration, anger or helplessness Stigma and/or isolation Grief and/or loss	Trauma (e.g. from course of infection, witnessing death of others) Grief and/or loss Mental health problems
Community	Fear and/or anxiety Stigma and/or isolation Grief and/or loss Disruption to community and cultural life	Loss of trust (e.g. in health services) Community fracturing Grief and/or loss Loss of support or coping resources
International	Fear and/or anxiety (e.g. of infection) Trauma (e.g. of international aid workers witnessing deaths caused by Ebola virus) Stigma and discrimination Loss of economic investment, business, travel and tourism	Trauma and long-term mental health problems (e.g. of international aid workers witnessing deaths caused by Ebola virus) Stigma and discrimination Loss of economic investment, business, travel and tourism