Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and mortality rates in a cohort of 894 male injection drug users, Vietnam, 2005–2007.
| Characteristic | No. participants | Percent | Person-years | No. deaths | Mortality rate (per 100 person-years) |
(95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | 894 | 100.0 | 710.1 | 45 | 6.3 | (4.6–8.5) |
| Age (median, range) | 32 (18–59) | |||||
| ≥ 30 yrs | 583 | 65.2 | 483.5 | 28 | 5.8 | (3.8–8.4) |
| < 30 yrs | 311 | 34.8 | 226.6 | 17 | 7.5 | (4.4–12) |
| Currently married/living with a partner | ||||||
| No | 604 | 67.6 | 458.8 | 38 | 8.3 | (5.9–11.4) |
| Yes | 290 | 32.4 | 251.3 | 7 | 2.8 | (1.1–5.7) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Kinh (ethnic Vietnamese) | 821 | 91.8 | 651.6 | 39 | 6.0 | (4.3–8.2) |
| Ethnic minority | 73 | 8.2 | 58.5 | 6 | 10.3 | (3.8–22.3) |
| Being arrested by police, past 3 mo | ||||||
| No | 474 | 53.0 | 373.6 | 24 | 6.4 | (4.1–9.6) |
| Yes | 420 | 47.0 | 336.5 | 21 | 6.2 | (3.9–9.5) |
| Being incarcerated, past 3 mo | ||||||
| No | 567 | 63.4 | 446.4 | 29 | 6.5 | (4.4–9.3) |
| Yes | 327 | 36.6 | 263.8 | 16 | 6.1 | (3.5–9.8) |
| Years of drug injection (median, range) | 5.3 (0.1–17.4) | |||||
| ≥ 5 yrs | 484 | 54.1 | 389.8 | 23 | 5.9 | (3.7–8.9) |
| < 5 yrs | 410 | 45.9 | 320.4 | 22 | 6.9 | (4.3–10.4) |
| Injection frequency | ||||||
| Less than daily | 227 | 25.4 | 180.9 | 10 | 5.5 | (2.7–10.2) |
| Daily | 667 | 74.6 | 529.2 | 35 | 6.6 | (4.6–9.2) |
| Amphetamine use, past 3 mo | ||||||
| No | 882 | 98.7 | 701.9 | 44 | 6.3 | (4.6–8.4) |
| Yes | 12 | 1.3 | 8.3 | 1 | 12.0 | (0.3–67.1) |
| Cannabis use, past 3 mo | ||||||
| No | 889 | 99.4 | 707.3 | 43 | 6.1 | (4.4–8.2) |
| Yes | 5 | 0.6 | 2.9 | 2 | 69.0 | (8.4–249.1) |
| Benzodiazepine use, past 3 mo | ||||||
| No | 793 | 88.7 | 639.6 | 40 | 6.3 | (4.5–8.5) |
| Yes | 101 | 11.3 | 70.5 | 5 | 7.1 | (2.3–16.6) |
| Overdosed any drug, past 3 mo | ||||||
| No | 874 | 97.8 | 695.9 | 44 | 6.3 | (4.6–8.5) |
| Yes | 20 | 2.2 | 14.2 | 1 | 7.0 | (0.2–39.2) |
| In drug treatment, past 3 mo | ||||||
| No | 866 | 96.9 | 689.9 | 44 | 6.4 | (4.6–8.6) |
| Yes | 28 | 3.1 | 20.2 | 1 | 5.0 | (0.1–27.6) |
| Excess alcohol use | ||||||
| No | 869 | 97.2 | 689.5 | 44 | 6.4 | (4.6–8.6) |
| Yes | 25 | 2.8 | 20.6 | 1 | 4.9 | (0.1–27) |
| Having ≥2 sex partners, past 12 mo | ||||||
| No | 666 | 74.5 | 531.6 | 31 | 5.8 | (4–8.3) |
| Yes | 228 | 25.5 | 178.5 | 14 | 7.8 | (4.3–13.2) |
| Having unprotected sex, past 3 mo | ||||||
| No | 607 | 67.9 | 475.7 | 34 | 7.1 | (4.9–10.0) |
| Yes | 287 | 32.1 | 234.5 | 11 | 4.7 | (2.3–8.4) |
| CES-D score (median, range) | 23 (0–51) | |||||
| ≤ 23 | 471 | 52.7 | 389.8 | 23 | 5.9 | (3.7–8.9) |
| > 23 | 423 | 47.3 | 320.3 | 22 | 6.9 | (4.3–10.4) |
| Tuberculosis diagnosis, self-report | ||||||
| No | 876 | 98.0 | 701.3 | 41 | 5.8 | (4.2–7.9) |
| Yes | 18 | 2.0 | 8.8 | 4 | 45.5 | (12.4–116.4) |
| HIV sero-status at enrollment | ||||||
| HIV-negative | 690 | 77.2 | 559.7 | 23 | 4.1 | (2.6–6.2) |
| HIV-positive | 204 | 22.8 | 150.4 | 22 | 14.6 | (9.2–22.1) |
| Study arm assignment | ||||||
| Control | 442 | 49.4 | 352.8 | 23 | 6.5 | (4.1–9.8) |
| Behavioral intervention | 452 | 50.6 | 357.3 | 22 | 6.2 | (3.9–9.3) |
CI, confidence interval; CES-D score, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score.