Table 2.

Predictors of all-cause mortality among 894 male injection drug users, Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam, 2005–2007

Characteristic	Univariate model	p-value	Multifactorial model^,^**
Characteristic	HR (95% CI)	p-value	HR (95% CI)	p-value
Age (10-year incremental)	0.7 (0.4–1.1)	0.11	0.7 (0.4–1.2)	0.21
Being married	0.3 (0.2–0.7)	0.006
Ethnic minority	1.7 (0.7–4.1)	0.23	1.7 (0.7–4.1)	0.21
Drug detoxification treatment, past 3 mo	0.8 (0.1–5.0)	0.78
Arrest by police, past 3 mo	1.0 (0.5–1.8)	0.91
No. years injecting drugs (incremental)	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	0.77
Frequency of drug injection (daily vs. less frequent)	1.2 (0.6–2.5)	0.57
Overdosed any drugs, past 3 mo	1.1 (0.2–8.0)	0.90
Benzodiazepine use, past 3 mo^**	0.8 (0.3–2.6)	0.71
Amphetamine use, past 3 mo^**	0.9 (0.1–6.1)	0.88
No. days drinking alcohol, past 30 days (incremental)	1.0 (0.9–1.0)	0.60
Having >= 2 female sexual partners, past 12 mo	1.3 (0.7–2.6)	0.40
Having unprotected sex, past 3 mo	0.6 (0.3–1.3)	0.22
CES-D score (5-point incremental)^**	1.1 (1.0–1.3)	0.09	1.1 (1.0–1.2)	0.25
Tuberculosis diagnosis	8.2 (2.8–24.2)	<0.001	10.0 (4.1–24.3)	<0.001
HIV infection (prevalent and incident cases)^**	3.7 (2.1–6.7)	<0.001	3.5 (1.9–6.3)	<0.001
Study arm assignment (intervention vs. control)	0.9 (0.5–1.7)	0.81

Marginal Cox proportional hazards model for clustered data; yes versus no unless noted otherwise

^**

Time-dependent repeated measurement; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; CES-D score, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score.

^***

The final multifactorial model includes five variables whose data are presented in the last two columns.