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Effects of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 on the phosphorylation of (A) Smad2 and (B) p38 over 60 min, as determined by western blotting. Total Smad2 and p38 was used as the control. Densitometric analysis was performed to quantify the phosphorylation levels, which are presented as the ratio between the optical densities of the p-Smad2 and total Smad2 and p-p38 and p38 bands, respectively. *P<0.05 vs. control. p-, phosphorylated.
