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Smad2 and p38 inhibitors, SB431542 and SB20380 respectively, suppressed (A) α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and (B) collagen I (ColI) expression levels. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were treated with 10 ng/ml transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 for 24 h in the presence or absence of 10 µM SB431542 or SB20380 inhibitors. mRNA expression of the control CFs was normalized to 1-fold. *P<0.05 vs. control group; #P<0.05 vs. TGF-β1 group.
