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E2, TGF-β1, and hypoxia treatment increases chemo- and radioresistance. Each set of MCF-7 cells was treated with (A) 100 µg/ml 5-FU or (B) 10 Gy radiation to induce apoptosis. Then, apoptosis was analyzed with an Annexin V kit. E2, estradiol; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1; 5-FU, fluorouracil.
