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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Res. 2015 Aug 7;101:57–61. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.07.011

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Media containing small molecule cocktails (SMC), valproic acid (VPA), and unoprostone (UNO) increases the iN cells conversion rate. (A) The SMC in combination with a single epigenetic modifier (VPA, 2 mM or TSA, 200 nM) in neuronal media promotes a general increase in the production of iN cells derived from fibroblasts of normal control subjects following 3 weeks in culture. These iN cells are functional and mostly glutamatergic in subtype (Kano et al., 2015). White bars indicate iN cells produced in neuronal media only or with the addition of one of the epigenetic modifiers. The combination of SMC with VPA induced a 4-fold increase in iN cells compared to the neuronal media plus VPA alone. (B) Cells from normal control subjects, cultured for 3 weeks in the SMC plus VPA (2 mM) and UNO (10 nM) (striped bar) media showed a further 1.4-fold increase in the iN cell conversion rate compared to cells in the SMC plus VPA media (black bar). The conversion rate is expressed as a fold change of MAP2 positive cells over DAPI positive cells in a 200x field. Means ± s.e.m. (*p<0.05, ***p<0.001). TSA, Trichostatin A; 5AZA, 5-azacytidine. The number of analyzed fields are shown in Supplementary Methods.